Table 2.
Comparison of the five canonical pathways most significantly altered in bovine macrophage (BoMac) cells after 6 h of exposure to citrinin (CIT), ochratoxin A (OTA), or citrinin + ochratoxin A (CIT + OTA).
| Most-Altered Canonical Pathways 1 | Ratio 2 | p Value |
|---|---|---|
| Citrinin | ||
| NRF2-mediated oxidative stress | 25/130 (0.192) | *** |
| Endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway | 7/16 (0.438) | *** |
| Induction of apoptosis by HIV | 11/51 (0.216) | *** |
| Unfolded protein response | 9/41 (0.22) | *** |
| Glucocorticoid receptor signaling | 26/204 (0.127) | *** |
| Ochratoxin A | ||
| Role of RIG1-like receptors in antiviral innate immunity | 14/25 (0.56) | * |
| Eicosanoid signaling | 17/34 (0.50) | * |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | 30/78 (0.385) | * |
| April mediated signaling | 14/31 (0.452) | * |
| Phospholipases | 14/31 (0.452) | * |
| Citrinin + Ochratoxin A | ||
| Role of PKR in interferon induction and antiviral response | 20/34 (0.588) | *** |
| NF-κB signaling | 55/129 (0.426) | *** |
| TGF-B signaling | 29/60 (0.483) | ** |
| P53 signaling | 31/69 (0.449) | ** |
| Glioma signaling | 32/72 (0.444) | ** |
1 Differentially expressed genes in CIT, OTA and CIT + OTA groups at 6 h after PM exposure underwent Core analysis, which interprets the data set in the context of biological processes, pathways and molecular networks (Ingenuity® Systems); 2 (Differentially expressed genes)/(Total number of genes on the pathway); 3 A p-value associated with a pathway was calculated using Fisher’s exact test to determine the probability that the association between affected genes and a canonical pathway is explained by chance alone. * denotes significance at p < 0.05; ** denotes significance at p < 0.01; *** denotes significance at p < 0.01.