Table 4.
Comparison of the five most significant canonical pathways altered in bovine macrophage cells (BoMac) after 24 h of exposure to citrinin (CIT), ochratoxin A (OTA) or citrinin + ochratoxin A (CIT/OTA).
| Most-Altered Canonical Pathways 1 | Ratio 2 | p Value 3 |
|---|---|---|
| Citrinin | ||
| Superpathway of cholesterol biosynthesis | 17/23 (0.739) | *** |
| Cholesterol biosynthesis I | 8/10 (0.80) | *** |
| Cholesterol biosynthesis II (via 24, 25-dihydrolanosterol) | 8/10 (0.80) | *** |
| Cholesterol biosynthesis III (via desmosterol) | 8/10 (0.80) | *** |
| tRNA charging | 16/32 (0.5) | *** |
| Ochratoxin A | ||
| P2Y purigenic receptor signaling pathway | 43/93 | ** |
| Breast cancer regulation by Stathmin1 | 58/137 | ** |
| PPAR signaling | 33/69 (0.478) | ** |
| CREB signaling in neurons | 50/117 (0.427) | ** |
| GADD45 Signaling | 11/17 (0.647) | ** |
| Citrinin + Ochratoxin A | ||
| EIF2 signaling | 85/182 (0.443) | *** |
| Regulation of eIF4 and p70S6K signaling | 57/146 (0.39) | *** |
| Molecular mechanisms of cancer | 114/365 (0.312) | *** |
| mTOR signaling | 67/188 (0.356) | *** |
| Germ cell-Sertoli cell junction signaling | 56/160 (0.35) | *** |
1 Differentially expressed genes in CIT, OTA and CIT + OTA groups at 6 h after PM exposure underwent Core analysis, which interprets the data set in the context of biological processes, pathways and molecular networks (Ingenuity® Systems); 2 (Differentially expressed genes)/(Total number of genes on the pathway); 3 A p-value associated with a pathway was calculated using Fisher’s exact test to determine the probability that the association between affected genes and a canonical pathway is explained by chance alone; * denotes significance at p < 0.05; ** denotes significance at p < 0.01; *** denotes significance at p < 0.01.