Table 2.

Three Critical Elements of Managing Work By Turning Groups Into Teams

Critical Element	Characteristic to Consider	Group	Team	What Members/Leaders Can Do	Key Citation
Identifying a team or a team of teams	Size of group	≥ 2 people (teams) operating independently	≥ 2 people (teams) managing interdependent tasks	Identify whether tasks are interdependent and therefore need teamwork	Katzenbach, 19936 Salas, 199231 Marks el al, 200524
Establishing goals	Goals of members and how members work	Diverse and individual	Single and shared	Collaboratively set clear team goals for the work and foster recognition of interdependent tasks	Salas et al, 199231 Salas et al, 201333
	Member focus	“Self-centered”	Feel a sense of ownership to shared goal	Provide regular feedback focusing on team & organizational goals	Cohen et al, 19977 Salas E, Rosen M34
Establishing roles in care	Member's task definition	Task work is associated with an individual	Members collaborate to define the tasks and respective responsibilities	Define roles and responsibilities based on competencies knowledge, skills, and attitudes underlying effective teamwork	Salas et al, 200914
	Member's desired outcome	Conformity to process	Achieving the goal	Provide regular feedback focusing on team goals	Bandura, 198634 Salas et al, 200914
	How member performance is evaluated	Individually	Collectively	Collective incentives and acknowledgement	Salas et al, 200737
Managing interdependency	Decision making	Fragmented and limited	Distributed among members	Foster the distribution of decision making and workflow reappraisal across team members	Fussell et al, 199836
	Task performance	Individuals attend to their task	Individuals attend to their task and adapt as needed to achieve the goal	Foster situational awareness and flexibility	Salas et al, 200914
	Awareness of the overall operation	Limited	High	Provide regular feedback regarding team goal achievement	Salas et al, 200537