Table 1.
Frequencies of maternal and neonatal care outcomes and background characteristics, overall and stratified by experiences of physical and sexual intimate partner violence (N = 10,469)
| Total | Lifetime experience of intimate partner violence | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No IPV | Physical IPV only | Sexual IPV only | Physical and Sexual IPV | |||||||
| Unwtd. N | % (95% CI) |
Unwtd. N | % (95% CI) |
Unwtd. N | % (95% CI) |
Unwtd. N | % (95% CI) |
Unwtd. N | % (95% CI) |
|
| Total | 10,469 | – | 5743 | 54.8% (53.0–56.5) |
3019 | 29.0% (27.5–30.6) |
241 | 2.3% (1.8–2.8) |
1466 | 14.0% (12.8–15.3) |
| Outcomes | ||||||||||
| Clean cord care | ||||||||||
| No | 7920 | 75.0% (73.4–76.6) |
4316 | 74.1% (72.0–76.1) |
2303 | 75.1% (72.3–77.7) |
186 | 77.8% (68.7–84.8) |
1115 | 78.0% (74.5–81.1) |
| Yes | 2549 | 25.0% (23.4–26.6) |
1427 | 25.9% (23.9–28.0) |
716 | 24.9% (22.3–27.7) |
55 | 22.2% (15.2–31.3) |
351 | 22.0% (18.9–25.5) |
| Skin-to-skin care | ||||||||||
| No | 6935 | 65.4% (63.0–67.7) |
3944 | 67.8% (64.9–70.5) |
1781 | 57.9% (54.3–61.3) |
154 | 63.0% (52.9–72.1) |
1056 | 71.8% (67.1–76.2) |
| Yes | 3534 | 34.6% (32.3–37.0) |
1799 | 32.2% (29.5–35.1) |
1238 | 42.1% (38.7–45.7) |
87 | 37.0% (27.9–47.1) |
410 | 28.2% (23.8–32.9) |
| Early initiation of breastfeeding | ||||||||||
| No | 5443 | 51.8% (50.0–53.7) |
2900 | 49.3% (47.1–51.5) |
1629 | 54.5% (51.5–57.5) |
139 | 65.4% (56.8–73.1) |
775 | 54.0% (49.4–58.6) |
| Yes | 5026 | 48.2% (46.3–50.0) |
2843 | 50.7% (48.5–52.9) |
1390 | 45.5% (42.5–48.5) |
102 | 34.6% (26.9–43.2) |
691 | 46.0% (41.4–50.6) |
| Delay of first bath | ||||||||||
| No | 4394 | 42.6% (40.7–44.6) |
2414 | 41.7% (39.4–44.1) |
1198 | 40.2% (37.4–43.1) |
105 | 47.7% (38.5–57.1) |
677 | 50.5% (46.1–54.9) |
| Yes | 6075 | 57.4% (55.4–59.3) |
3329 | 58.3% (55.9–60.6) |
1821 | 59.8% (56.9–62.6) |
136 | 52.3% (42.9–61.5) |
49.5% (45.1–53.9) |
|
| Postnatal care within 48 h | ||||||||||
| No | 9105 | 85.9% (84.5–87.1) |
5038 | 86.8% (85.3–88.2) |
2607 | 84.8% (82.3–86.9) |
200 | 82.7% (71.8–90.0) |
1260 | 84.9% (81.2–88.1) |
| Yes | 1364 | 14.1% (12.9–15.5) |
705 | 13.2% (11.8–14.7) |
412 | 15.2% (13.1–17.7) |
41 | 17.3% (10.0–28.2) |
206 | 15.1% (11.9–18.8) |
| Exclusive breastfeeding | ||||||||||
| No | 3400 | 33.0% (31.6–34.4) |
1832 | 31.3% (29.3–33.3) |
1011 | 35.5% (33.1–37.9) |
87 | 37.6% (28.4–47.7) |
470 | 33.8% (30.2–37.6) |
| Yes | 7069 | 67.0% (65.6–68.4) |
3911 | 68.7% (66.7–70.7) |
2008 | 64.5% (62.1–66.9) |
154 | 62.4% (52.3–71.6) |
996 | 66.2% (62.4–69.8) |
| Post-partum contraception | ||||||||||
| No | 8835 | 85.3% (84.0–86.5) |
4894 | 85.9% (84.2–87.4) |
2562 | 86.8% (85.0–88.4) |
202 | 86.7% (80.7–91.1) |
1177 | 79.4% (75.8–82.7) |
| Yes | 1634 | 14.7% (13.5–16.0) |
849 | 14.1% (12.6–15.8) |
457 | 13.2% (11.6–15.0) |
39 | 13.3% ([8.9–19.3) |
289 | 20.6% (17.3–24.2) |
| Background characteristics | ||||||||||
| Ananya district | ||||||||||
| No | 7833 | 76.9% (74.0–79.7) |
4250 | 75.6% (72.2–78.7) |
2281 | 78.0% (74.3–81.2) |
194 | 84.5% (76.8–90.0) |
1108 | 78.8% (74.3–82.7) |
| Yes | 2636 | 23.1% (20.3–26.0) |
1493 | 24.4% (21.3–27.8) |
738 | 22.0% (18.8–25.7) |
47 | 15.5% (10.0–23.2) |
358 | 21.2% (17.3–25.7) |
| Age | ||||||||||
| 15–19 | 391 | 4.1% (3.5–4.9) |
233 | 4.5% (3.6–5.6) |
98 | 3.8% (2.8–5.3) |
11 | 2.9% (1.1–7.7) |
49 | 3.5% (2.5–5.0) |
| 20–24 | 4413 | 42.3% (40.7–44.0) |
2552 | 44.2% (42.1–46.3) |
1176 | 39.3% (36.5–42.2) |
99 | 45.0% (35.4–54.9) |
586 | 40.9% (37.1–44.8) |
| 25–29 | 3905 | 35.9% (34.2–37.5) |
2120 | 36.3% (34.1–38.5) |
1137 | 35.3% (32.7–38.0) |
99 | 41.5% (32.6–51.0) |
549 | 34.4% (30.8–38.1) |
| 30+ | 1760 | 17.7% (16.4–19.0) |
838 | 15.0% (13.5–16.7) |
608 | 21.5% (19.3–23.9) |
32 | 10.6% (6.5–17.0) |
282 | 21.2% (18.0–24.7) |
| Age at marriage | ||||||||||
| < 18 | 4594 | 45.1% (43.1–47.1) |
2162 | 39.4% (37.2–41.7) |
1587 | 52.6% (49.5–55.7) |
118 | 52.1% (41.7–62.2) |
727 | 50.5% (46.2–54.8) |
| 18+ | 5875 | 54.9% (52.9–56.9) |
3581 | 60.6% (58.3–62.8) |
1432 | 47.4% (44.3–50.5) |
123 | 47.9% (37.8–58.3) |
739 | 49.5% (45.2–53.8) |
| Wealth quartile | ||||||||||
| 1 (poorest) | 2877 | 28.6% (26.5–30.8) |
1402 | 25.8% (23.5–28.1) |
989 | 34.4% (30.9–37.9) |
62 | 21.8% (15.6–29.7) |
424 | 29.0% (24.8–33.5) |
| 2 | 2140 | 21.3% (19.9–22.8) |
1129 | 21.7% (20.0–23.6) |
670 | 21.8% (19.5–24.3) |
38 | 18.0% (12.0–26.1) |
303 | 19.2% (16.3–22.6) |
| 3 | 2509 | 24.7% (23.3–26.2) |
1293 | 23.3% (21.5–25.2) |
733 | 24.2% (21.8–26.7) |
72 | 38.0% (28.1–49.0) |
411 | 29.2% (25.5–33.2) |
| 4 (wealthiest) | 2943 | 25.4% (23.5–27.3) |
1919 | 29.3% (26.9–31.8) |
627 | 19.7% (17.2–22.4) |
69 | 22.1% (14.7–31.9) |
328 | 22.6% (18.8–26.9) |
| Education | ||||||||||
| None | 5351 | 53.1% (50.9–55.2) |
2569 | 47.6% (45.1–50.1) |
1817 | 62.0% (59.1–64.9) |
112 | 45.8% (36.4–55.5) |
853 | 56.9% (52.4–61.3) |
| Primary | 2705 | 25.9% (24.4–27.4) |
1520 | 26.8% (25.0–28.7) |
740 | 23.3% (21.0–25.8) |
68 | 30.2% (23.4–38.0) |
377 | 26.7% (22.8–31.0) |
| Secondary | 2413 | 21.1% (19.6–22.7) |
1654 | 25.5% (23.5–27.7) |
462 | 14.7% (12.7–16.9) |
61 | 24.0% (17.7–31.8) |
236 | 16.4% (13.3–20.0) |
| Spouse’s education | ||||||||||
| None | 3237 | 32.4% (30.5–34.4) |
1518 | 28.5% (26.4–30.8) |
1132 | 39.5% (36.6–42.5) |
69 | 23.3% (16.8–31.5) |
518 | 34.4% (30.8–38.2) |
| Primary | 3504 | 33.9% (32.5–35.3) |
1877 | 33.0% (31.2–34.9) |
1045 | 35.6% (33.3–38.1) |
74 | 33.3% (24.5–43.4) |
508 | 33.9% (30.6–37.4) |
| Secondary | 3728 | 33.7% (31.7–35.7) |
2348 | 38.5% (36.0–41.0) |
842 | 24.9% (22.1–27.8) |
98 | 43.4% (33.3–54.0) |
440 | 31.7% (27.7–35.9) |
| Caste/religion | ||||||||||
| Neither SC/ST nor Muslim | 5963 | 56.8% (53.7–59.8) |
3507 | 61.1% (57.5–64.6) |
1558 | 51.4% (47.8–55.1) |
149 | 63.3% (52.8–72.7) |
749 | 49.8% (44.3–55.3) |
| SC/ST | 2693 | 26.0% (23.5–28.6) |
1178 | 21.0% (18.5–23.8) |
991 | 33.2% (29.7–36.9) |
53 | 19.0% (12.6–27.7) |
471 | 31.4% (26.7–36.5) |
| Muslim | 1813 | 17.2% (14.6–20.3) |
1058 | 17.8% (14.8–21.3) |
470 | 15.4% (12.5–18.8) |
39 | 17.7% (11.4–26.5) |
246 | 18.8% (14.5–24.1) |
| Gender of focal child | ||||||||||
| Female | 4857 | 46.4% (45.0–47.9) |
2663 | 46.3% (44.5–48.2) |
1439 | 47.6% (44.8–50.4) |
109 | 39.8% (31.4–48.8) |
646 | 45.4% (41.6–49.3) |
| Male | 5612 | 53.6% (52.1–55.0) |
3080 | 53.7% (51.8–55.5) |
1580 | 52.4% (49.6–55.2) |
132 | 60.2% (51.2–68.6) |
820 | 54.6% (50.7–58.4) |
| Parity | ||||||||||
| 1 | 3239 | 30.9% (29.5–32.4) |
2036 | 35.0% (33.2–36.8) |
778 | 27.0% (24.6,29.5) |
69 | 29.5% (20.5–40.5) |
356 | 23.4% (20.5–26.7) |
| 2 | 2979 | 27.7% (26.4–29.1) |
1663 | 28.2% (26.6–29.8) |
827 | 26.5% (24.1–29.2) |
72 | 32.2% (23.8–42.0) |
417 | 27.8% (24.2–31.6) |
| 3+ | 4251 | 41.3% (39.8–42.9) |
2044 | 36.8% (35.0–38.7) |
1414 | 46.5% (43.7–49.3) |
100 | 38.3% (29.9–47.5) |
693 | 48.8% (45.1–52.5) |
| Age of child (months) a | – | 5.0 (4.9–5.1) |
– | 4.9 (4.8–5.1) |
– | 5.1 (5.0–5.3) |
– | 4.9 (4.3–5.6) |
– | 5.2 (5.0–5.4) |
| Previous neonatal death or stillbirth | ||||||||||
| No | 9588 | 91.3% (90.4–92.2) |
5336 | 93.0% (91.9–93.9) |
2741 | 89.8% (88.1–91.4) |
216 | 84.6% (76.1–90.5) |
1295 | 89.2% (86.4–91.5) |
| Yes | 881 | 8.7% (7.8–9.6) |
407 | 7.0% (6.1–8.1) |
278 | 10.2% (8.6–11.9) |
25 | 15.4% (9.5–23.9) |
171 | 10.8% (8.5–13.6) |
| 4 or more antenatal care visits | ||||||||||
| No | 8400 | 81.2% (79.7–82.5) |
4459 | 78.2% (76.2–80.1) |
2524 | 85.5% (83.7–87.2) |
192 | 80.4% (73.0–86.2) |
1225 | 83.7% (81.0–86.2) |
| Yes | 2069 | 18.8% (17.5–20.3) |
1284 | 21.8% (19.9–23.8) |
495 | 14.5% (12.8–16.3) |
49 | 19.6% (13.8–27.0) |
241 | 16.3% (13.8–19.0) |
| Skilled birth attendance | ||||||||||
| No | 2826 | 28.0% (26.1–30.0) |
1382 | 24.9% (22.8–27.1) |
958 | 32.6% (29.5–36.0) |
65 | 29.3% (21.9–38.1) |
421 | 30.4% (26.6–34.5) |
| Yes | 7643 | 72.0% (70.0–73.9) |
4361 | 75.1% (72.9–77.2) |
2061 | 67.4% (64.0–70.5) |
176 | 70.7% (61.9–78.1) |
1045 | 69.6% (65.5–73.4) |
| 2+ CHW visits in final trimester | ||||||||||
| No | 7148 | 67.1% (65.0–69.1) |
4060 | 69.3% (66.6–71.9) |
1969 | 64.4% (61.0–67.7) |
159 | 59.9% (50.3–68.8) |
960 | 65.0% (60.2–69.5) |
| Yes | 3321 | 32.9% (30.9–35.0) |
1683 | 30.7% (28.1–33.4) |
1050 | 35.6% (32.3–39.0) |
82 | 40.1% (31.2–49.7) |
506 | 35.0% (30.5–39.8) |
| Postnatal CHW visit discussing family planning | ||||||||||
| No | 9184 | 87.3% (85.9–88.6) |
5214 | 90.2% (88.6–91.7) |
2556 | 84.3% (81.6–86.6) |
206 | 85.5% (78.7–90.4) |
1208 | 82.4% (78.0–86.0) |
| Yes | 1285 | 12.7% (11.4–14.1) |
529 | 9.8% (8.3–11.4) |
463 | 15.7% (13.4–18.4) |
35 | 14.5% (9.6–21.3) |
258 | 17.6% (14.0–22.0) |
aMean (95% confidence interval)