Table 2.

Multivariate logistic regression models showing relationship between intimate partner violence and postnatal care behaviors and services (n = 10,469)

	Clean cord care	Skin-to-skin care	Early initiation of breastfeeding	Delay of first bath	Postnatal care within 48 h	Exclusive breastfeeding	Post-partum contraception
Lifetime experience of intimate partner violence
Never	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF
Physical only	0.92 (0.78–1.08)	1.66 (1.41–1.96)***	0.81 (0.71–0.93)**	1.19 (1.03–1.37)*	1.16 (0.95–1.42)	0.83 (0.71–0.96)*	0.82 (0.68–0.998)*
Sexual only	0.91 (0.58–1.41)	1.33 (0.85–2.06)	0.52 (0.36–0.76)***	0.87 (0.60–1.26)	1.22 (0.65–2.29)	0.74 (0.49–1.12)	0.91 (0.56–1.46)
Physical and sexual	0.82 (0.66–1.02)	0.87 (0.68–1.12)	0.83 (0.67–1.01)	0.76 (0.63–0.91)**	1.14 (0.85–1.55)	0.92 (0.75–1.15)	1.35 (1.07–1.71)*
Ananya district
No	REF	REF	REF	REF	–	REF	REF
Yes	1.52 (1.24–1.85)***	1.53 (1.25–1.88)***	1.21 (1.04–1.41)*	1.53 (1.29–1.82)***	–	1.16 (1.00–1.34)*	1.48 (1.18–1.86)**
Age
15–19	–	REF	REF	REF	–	–	REF
20–24	–	0.90 (0.60–1.36)	1.44 (1.10–1.89)**	0.72 (0.50–1.04)	–	–	0.92 (0.58–1.44)
25–29	–	0.77 (0.50–1.19)	1.49 (1.11–2.00)**	0.66 (0.44–0.99)*	–	–	0.91 (0.56–1.48)
30+	–	0.97 (0.62–1.52)	1.49 (1.10–2.02)**	0.75 (0.50–1.11)	–	–	1.02 (0.65–1.61)
Age at marriage
< 18	REF	REF	REF	REF	–	REF	REF
18+	1.40 (1.20–1.63)***	1.15 (0.98–1.34)	1.17 (1.04–1.32)**	1.18 (1.04–1.34)**	–	1.14 (0.99–1.32)	1.06 (0.89–1.25)
Wealth quartile
1 (poorest)	REF	REF	–	REF	REF	REF	REF
2	0.96 (0.80–1.16)	1.08 (0.88–1.34)	–	0.85 (0.72–1.01)	1.13 (0.85–1.50)	1.06 (0.87–1.29)	1.12 (0.89–1.41)
3	0.80 (0.68–0.96)*	1.27 (1.00–1.60)*	–	0.88 (0.74–1.04)	1.18 (0.91–1.54)	0.92 (0.76–1.11)	1.38 (1.11–1.72)**
4 (wealthiest)	0.92 (0.71–1.18)	1.30 (1.04–1.62)*	–	0.89 (0.73–1.08)	0.90 (0.67–1.22)	0.84 (0.69–1.03)	1.43 (1.13–1.82)**
Education
None	REF	–	REF	REF	–	–	–
Primary	0.95 (0.80–1.12)	–	1.16 (1.02–1.34)*	1.04 (0.89–1.20)	–	–	–
Secondary	0.92 (0.73–1.15)	–	0.85 (0.73–1.00)	0.98 (0.81–1.20)	–	–	–
Spouse’s education
None	REF	–	–	REF	–	REF	–
Primary	0.85 (0.71–1.03)	–	–	0.94 (0.80–1.09)	–	0.84 (0.72–0.98)*	–
Secondary	0.72 (0.59–0.89)**	–	–	1.01 (0.85–1.20)	–	0.92 (0.77–1.10)	–
Caste/religion
Neither SC/ST nor Muslim	–	REF	REF	REF	–	–	REF
SC/ST	–	1.04 (0.85–1.27)	0.94 (0.81–1.11)	0.85 (0.71–1.02)	–	–	1.00 (0.80–1.24)
Muslim	–	0.79 (0.62–1.00)	0.77 (0.63–0.95)*	1.09 (0.91–1.30)	–	–	0.59 (0.45–0.78)***
Gender of focal child
Female	–	–	–	–	–	–	REF
Male	–	–	–	–	–	–	1.17 (0.99–1.39)
Parity
1	–	REF	REF	REF	–	REF	REF
2	–	0.97 (0.83–1.13)	1.29 (1.10–1.51)**	1.05 (0.90–1.23)	–	1.25 (1.06–1.47)**	1.75 (1.37–2.25)***
3+	–	0.91 (0.77–1.09)	1.26 (1.05–1.52)*	1.08 (0.90–1.29)	–	1.18 (1.01–1.37)*	3.39 (2.61–4.40)***
Age of child (months)1	0.97 (0.95–0.99)*	–	–	0.98 (0.96–0.999)	–	0.78 (0.77–0.80)	1.08 (1.06–1.11)***
Previous neonatal death or stillbirth
No	–	REF	REF	REF	–	–	–
Yes	–	0.88 (0.68–1.13)	0.66 (0.54–0.82)	0.88 (0.71–1.08)	–	–	–
4 or more antenatal care visits
No	REF	–	–	REF	REF	REF	REF
Yes	0.82 (0.67–1.01)	–	–	1.16 (0.999–1.35)	1.32 (1.05–1.66)*	0.81 (0.68–0.97)*	1.23 (1.01–1.49)*
Skilled birth attendance
No	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF	REF
Yes	0.81 (0.70–0.94)**	1.54 (1.29–1.84)***	1.19 (1.03–1.37)*	1.92 (1.66–2.21)***	1.82 (1.37–2.41)***	1.21 (1.04–1.39)*	1.38 (1.12–1.70)**
2+ CHW visits in final trimester
No	–	REF	REF	–	REF	–	REF
Yes	–	1.27 (1.07–1.51)**	1.26 (1.11–1.44)***	–	4.22 (3.46–5.15)***	–	0.88 (0.72–1.06)
Postnatal CHW visit discussing family planning
No	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	REF
Yes	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	2.34 (1.88–2.92)***

Models show adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals), and include intimate partner violence as well as any covariates significant at the p < 0.20 level in bivariate models

*p < 0.05

**p < 0.01

***p < 0.001

¹Mean (95% confidence interval)