Table 5.
Adjusted odds ratios of well-being and mental distress indicators in relation to dietary behaviours among adolescents
| Well-being outcomes | Mental distress outcomes | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Perceived health (healthy) | Perceived happiness (happy) | Sleep satisfaction (sufficient) | Perceived stress (much) | Depression (yes) | ||||||
| aOR1) | (95% CI) | aOR1) | (95% CI) | aOR2) | (95% CI) | aOR2) | (95% CI) | aOR3) | (95% CI) | |
| Dietary behaviors | ||||||||||
| Breakfast | ||||||||||
| 0 day | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 1 day | 0.95 | (0.85–1.05) | 1.01 | (0.92–1.11) | 0.96 | (0.85–1.09) | 0.91 | (0.83–1.00) | 0.97 | (0.89–1.06) |
| 2 days | 1.04 | (0.95–1.14) | 1.06 | (0.97–1.15) | 0.99 | (0.89–1.11) | 0.95 | (0.87–1.04) | 1.02 | (0.94–1.10) |
| 3 days | 1.06 | (0.97–1.17) | 1.02 | (0.94–1.11) | 1.12 | (1.01–1.25) | 0.91 | (0.84–0.99) | 0.88 | (0.82–0.96) |
| 4 days | 0.98 | (0.89–1.08) | 1.22 | (1.11–1.34) | 0.99 | (0.88–1.11) | 0.83 | (0.76–0.92) | 0.94 | (0.87–1.02) |
| 5 days | 1.01 | (0.94–1.10) | 1.16 | (1.07–1.25) | 0.99 | (0.91–1.09) | 0.85 | (0.79–0.91) | 0.89 | (0.83–0.96) |
| 6 days | 1.22 | (1.12–1.34) | 1.30 | (1.19–1.42) | 1.13 | (1.03–1.23) | 0.76 | (0.70–0.82) | 0.86 | (0.79–0.93) |
| 7 days | 1.34 | (1.25–1.43) | 1.42 | (1.34–1.51) | 1.45 | (1.35–1.56) | 0.74 | (0.70–0.78) | 0.76 | (0.72–0.81) |
| Soft drinks | ||||||||||
| I did not drink | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 1–2 times/week | 1.04 | (0.99–1.09) | 1.08 | (1.03–1.13) | 0.90 | (0.86–0.96) | 0.97 | (0.93–1.02) | 1.05 | (1.00–1.09) |
| 3–4 times/week | 0.90 | (0.84–0.96) | 0.95 | (0.89–1.01) | 0.77 | (0.72–0.82) | 1.07 | (1.01–1.14) | 1.24 | (1.17–1.31) |
| 5–6 times/week | 0.83 | (0.74–0.92) | 0.82 | (0.74–0.91) | 0.70 | (0.62–0.80) | 1.39 | (1.25–1.54) | 1.44 | (1.31–1.58) |
| Once/day | 0.73 | (0.63–0.84) | 0.76 | (0.66–0.88) | 0.77 | (0.65–0.91) | 1.47 | (1.28–1.70) | 1.57 | (1.38–1.79) |
| Twice/day | 0.63 | (0.50–0.79) | 0.77 | (0.62–0.94) | 0.58 | (0.44–0.77) | 1.41 | (1.12–1.78) | 1.59 | (1.34–1.89) |
| 3+ times/day | 0.63 | (0.50–0.78) | 0.67 | (0.53–0.84) | 0.80 | (0.63–1.01) | 1.75 | (1.41–2.18) | 2.07 | (1.75–2.44) |
| Highly caffeinated drink | ||||||||||
| I did not drink | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 1–2 times/week | 0.77 | (0.72–0.83) | 0.73 | (0.69–0.78) | 0.68 | (0.63–0.73) | 1.50 | (1.42–1.60) | 1.50 | (1.42–1.59) |
| 3–4 times/week | 0.65 | (0.57–0.74) | 0.55 | (0.49–0.62) | 0.56 | (0.48–0.66) | 2.22 | (1.96–2.52) | 1.91 | (1.71–2.13) |
| 5–6 times/week | 0.58 | (0.46–0.73) | 0.55 | (0.44–0.68) | 0.70 | (0.53–0.92) | 1.96 | (1.58–2.44) | 2.66 | (2.19–3.23) |
| Once/day | 0.44 | (0.33–0.58) | 0.43 | (0.34–0.55) | 0.40 | (0.27–0.58) | 3.43 | (2.67–4.41) | 2.62 | (2.15–3.20) |
| Twice/day | 0.30 | (0.19–0.45) | 0.42 | (0.26–0.69) | 0.49 | (0.26–0.96) | 3.49 | (2.28–5.34) | 3.57 | (2.38–5.34) |
| 3+ times/day | 0.39 | (0.25–0.62) | 0.43 | (0.28–0.68) | 0.77 | (0.45–1.32) | 3.01 | (1.85–4.89) | 3.25 | (2.24–4.71) |
| Sweetened drinks | ||||||||||
| I did not drink | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 1–2 times/week | 1.01 | (0.95–1.07) | 1.06 | (1.00–1.12) | 0.87 | (0.82–0.93) | 0.99 | (0.94–1.05) | 1.12 | (1.06–1.18) |
| 3–4 times/week | 0.92 | (0.86–0.99) | 0.99 | (0.93–1.06) | 0.77 | (0.71–0.83) | 1.14 | (1.07–1.21) | 1.34 | (1.26–1.41) |
| 5–6 times/week | 0.80 | (0.73–0.87) | 0.95 | (0.87–1.03) | 0.63 | (0.57–0.71) | 1.30 | (1.21–1.41) | 1.45 | (1.35–1.57) |
| Once/day | 0.77 | (0.69–0.86) | 0.94 | (0.84–1.05) | 0.66 | (0.59–0.75) | 1.47 | (1.33–1.62) | 1.58 | (1.44–1.73) |
| Twice/day | 0.65 | (0.54–0.78) | 0.81 | (0.69–0.94) | 0.57 | (0.47–0.69) | 1.82 | (1.55–2.14) | 2.04 | (1.76–2.37) |
| 3+ times/day | 0.58 | (0.48–0.70) | 0.68 | (0.57–0.82) | 0.82 | (0.66–1.01) | 2.08 | (1.73–2.50) | 1.97 | (1.67–2.32) |
| Fast foods | ||||||||||
| I did not eat | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 1–2 times/week | 0.97 | (0.92–1.02) | 1.05 | (1.01–1.11) | 0.85 | (0.81–0.90) | 1.01 | (0.96–1.05) | 1.08 | (1.04–1.13) |
| 3–4 times/week | 0.80 | (0.75–0.86) | 0.89 | (0.83–0.95) | 0.66 | (0.62–0.72) | 1.24 | (1.16–1.32) | 1.43 | (1.35–1.52) |
| 5–6 times/week | 0.69 | (0.59–0.81) | 0.71 | (0.61–0.82) | 0.70 | (0.59–0.84) | 1.49 | (1.28–1.72) | 1.80 | (1.58–2.05) |
| Once/day | 0.50 | (0.40–0.63) | 0.52 | (0.42–0.66) | 0.78 | (0.58–1.04) | 2.03 | (1.63–2.54) | 2.30 | (1.90–2.78) |
| Twice/day | 0.41 | (0.25–0.69) | 0.50 | (0.31–0.82) | 0.58 | (0.33–1.02) | 2.14 | (1.35–3.39) | 2.36 | (1.66–3.37) |
| 3+ times/day | 1.32 | (0.67–2.59) | 0.73 | (0.42–1.25) | 0.61 | (0.32–1.19) | 2.09 | (1.24–3.52) | 3.57 | (2.62–4.87) |
| Fruits (excluding fruit juices) | ||||||||||
| I did not eat | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 1–2 times/week | 1.32 | (1.21–1.43) | 1.45 | (1.34–1.57) | 1.08 | (0.98–1.18) | 0.77 | (0.72–0.83) | 0.88 | (0.83–0.94) |
| 3–4 times/week | 1.58 | (1.46–1.72) | 1.76 | (1.62–1.90) | 1.23 | (1.12–1.35) | 0.67 | (0.62–0.72) | 0.83 | (0.77–0.88) |
| 5–6 times/week | 1.61 | (1.46–1.77) | 1.77 | (1.62–1.94) | 1.29 | (1.17–1.42) | 0.68 | (0.63–0.74) | 0.83 | (0.77–0.90) |
| Once/day | 1.80 | (1.64–1.98) | 2.04 | (1.86–2.23) | 1.42 | (1.29–1.58) | 0.66 | (0.61–0.71) | 0.86 | (0.79–0.92) |
| Twice/day | 1.72 | (1.54–1.93) | 2.18 | (1.95–2.44) | 1.56 | (1.39–1.75) | 0.69 | (0.62–0.76) | 0.86 | (0.78–0.94) |
| 3+ times/day | 1.81 | (1.58–2.07) | 1.89 | (1.67–2.14) | 1.68 | (1.49–1.90) | 0.70 | (0.63–0.78) | 1.05 | (0.95–1.17) |
| Vegetable (excluding Kimchi) | ||||||||||
| I did not eat | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 1–2 times/week | 1.35 | (1.21–1.51) | 1.26 | (1.12–1.40) | 1.01 | (0.88–1.15) | 0.69 | (0.62–0.77) | 0.90 | (0.82–1.00) |
| 3–4 times/week | 1.68 | (1.51–1.87) | 1.49 | (1.34–1.65) | 1.17 | (1.03–1.32) | 0.63 | (0.57–0.70) | 0.79 | (0.72–0.87) |
| 5–6 times/week | 1.90 | (1.69–2.14) | 1.61 | (1.44–1.80) | 1.28 | (1.12–1.46) | 0.62 | (0.56–0.70) | 0.80 | (0.72–0.88) |
| Once/day | 1.93 | (1.73–2.16) | 1.61 | (1.44–1.81) | 1.27 | (1.11–1.45) | 0.62 | (0.55–0.69) | 0.84 | (0.76–0.93) |
| Twice/day | 2.22 | (1.97–2.49) | 1.87 | (1.67–2.10) | 1.35 | (1.18–1.53) | 0.61 | (0.55–0.68) | 0.78 | (0.70–0.86) |
| 3+ times/day | 2.21 | (1.97–2.48) | 1.96 | (1.75–2.19) | 1.56 | (1.37–1.77) | 0.66 | (0.59–0.74) | 0.83 | (0.75–0.92) |
| Milk | ||||||||||
| I did not drink | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||
| 1–2 times/week | 1.15 | (1.08–1.24) | 1.15 | (1.08–1.22) | 1.00 | (0.93–1.08) | 0.84 | (0.79–0.89) | 0.93 | (0.88–0.98) |
| 3–4 times/week | 1.28 | (1.20–1.36) | 1.28 | (1.20–1.36) | 1.09 | (1.01–1.18) | 0.82 | (0.77–0.87) | 0.93 | (0.88–0.99) |
| 5–6 times/week | 1.33 | (1.23–1.44) | 1.32 | (1.23–1.41) | 1.07 | (0.98–1.16) | 0.80 | (0.75–0.86) | 0.89 | (0.84–0.95) |
| Once/day | 1.50 | (1.39–1.61) | 1.41 | (1.32–1.51) | 1.18 | (1.09–1.28) | 0.77 | (0.72–0.82) | 0.90 | (0.85–0.96) |
| Twice/day | 1.48 | (1.33–1.64) | 1.36 | (1.22–1.51) | 1.21 | (1.10–1.34) | 0.83 | (0.76–0.91) | 1.02 | (0.94–1.11) |
| 3+ times/day | 1.54 | (1.36–1.74) | 1.37 | (1.22–1.53) | 1.46 | (1.31–1.63) | 0.90 | (0.82–1.00) | 1.06 | (0.96–1.17) |