Table 3.

Nanostructured antibacterial titanium surfaces (Ag: silver, Zn: zinc, Fe: iron, TiN: titanium nitride, MRSA: Methicillin-resistant Staphyloccus aureus) [160].

	Method	Effect
Coating	Ag-nanoparticle modified Ti by silanization	Decreased viabilitiy and adhesion of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro	[161]
	Poly(quaternary ammonium)-modified gold and TiO2 nanoparticles	Decreased viability of Escherichia coli (5 logs in 10 min) in vitro	[162]
Surface structure	Nanophased ZnO and TiO2	Decreased adhesion of Staphylococcus epidermidis in vitro	[163]
	Nanoscaled TiN/Ag multi-layered films on Fe (modulation period 7.5 nm)	Bactericidal in Escherichia coli in vitro	[164]
	Electrospun TiO2 nanorods by sol-gel electrospinning technique	Disruption of cell membrane in Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus in vitro	[165]
	Zn-doped Ti nanofibers	Disruption of cell membrane in Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus in vitro	[166]
	Nanopillars/Nanotubes on Ti “cicada wing effect”	Disruption of cell membrane in Escherichia coli in vitro	[159]
	Nanostructured Zn-incorporated TiO2	Decreased growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in vitro	[167]
	Ag/TiO2 nanocomposite powder by one-pot sol-gel technique (Np < 2 nm)	Complete growth inhibition of Escherichia coli in vitro	[168]
	Nanostructured sodium silver titanate (nanotube) thin films	Antibacterial against MRSA in vitro	[169]