Table 1.

Included Studies and Outcome Measures (Combined Sexes)

Study	Outcome	Sample recruitment	PTSD measure	Trauma assessment		N	%AA	% F	OR	95% CI
				General	Child
Almli et al., 2013	Current PTSD severity	Outpatient clinic-baseda	PSS	TEId	CTQ	1,163	100.0	73.8	0.84	[0.28, 2.48]
Chang et al., 2012	Current PTSD diagnosis	Population-based	Structured interviewc	Othere	CTQ	2,528	0	100.0	0.94	[0.64, 1.39]
Lowe et al., 2015	Current PTSD severity	Outpatient clinic-baseda	PSS	TEI	NA	1,361	94.1	100.0	2.10	[1.04, 4.24]
Ressler et al., 2011a	Current PTSD diagnosis	Outpatient clinic-baseda	PSS	TEI	CTQ	798	92.3	63.0	1.43	[1.14, 1.80]
Ressler et al., 2011b	Current PTSD diagnosis	Outpatient clinic-baseda	PSS	TEI	CTQ	439	92.4	59.2	1.20	[0.89, 1.63]
Rothbaum et al., 2014	Current PTSD severity	Outpatient clinic-baseda	PSS	TEI	CTQ	34	82.4	61.5	2.45	[0.57, 10.53]
Solovieff et al., 2014	Lifetime PTSD diagnosis	Population-based	Structured interviewc	Other	NA	2,538	0	100.0	0.96	[0.85, 1.08]
Stevens et al., 2014	Current PTSD severity	Hospital admission-basedb	PSS	TEI	CTQ	49	100.0	100.0	1.29	[0.46, 3.58]
Uddin et al., 2013	Current PTSD diagnosis	Population-based	Structured interviewc	Other	Othere	401	83.1	100.0	1.65	[0.71, 3.84]
Wang et al., 2013	Current PTSD severity	Epidemiologic exposure-based	PCL	NR	NR	319	0	70.5	1.39	[0.85, 2.26]

Note. All samples were primarily civilian and most did not examine a specific traumatic event (with the exception of Wang et al., 2013, which used an earthquake sample). PTSD = posttramautic stress disorder; AA = African American; PSS = Posttraumatic Symptom Scale; PCL = Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist; CTQ = Childhood Trauma Questionnaire; NA = not applicable; NR = not reported; TEI = Traumatic Events Inventory.

^aMedical or nonmedical, includes Veteran Affairs.

^bIntensive care unit/emergency department/inpatient.

^cDiagnostic measure used was unspecified structured diagnostic interview, based on criteria according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994).

^dPresented results both adjusted and unadjusted for trauma, unadjusted used in meta-analysis.

^eOnly presented trauma-adjusted results.