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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2017 Oct;81(Pt A):29–42. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.014

Figure 2. A tentative model of key regions mediating instruction-related changes in affective processing.

Figure 2

In this model, dlPFC represent the instructed state— a prediction of the organism’s state given the instructions. This instructed state representation could influence activity across the whole brain by top-down biasing affective processing in line with the instructed state. vmPFC integrates the input from dlPFC with ongoing conceptual and appraisal processes, thereby generating affective meaning in a self-referential conceptual space. Multidimensional predictions from vmPFC are transmitted to brainstem systems in order to regulate physiological responses, nociception, and arousal. dACC and AI are involved in detecting mismatch between social information and experienced affective state, thereby signalling need for enhanced control to dlPFC.