Table 2. Factors associated with vaccination among survey participants in 2014 (n = 581).
| Characteristic | Univariable p-value ** |
Multivariable Model I * | Multivariable Model II* |
|---|---|---|---|
| PR (95% CI) | p-value ** | p-value ** | |
| PR (95% CI) | PR (95% CI) | ||
| Age (years) | 0.0048 | 0.39 | 0.7 |
| 65–74 | 2.3 (1.3–4.1) | 1.3 (0.7–2.5) | 0.9 (0.5–1.6) |
| 75–84 | 1.7 (0.9–2.9) | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) |
| >85 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Sex | 0.44 | ||
| Female | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | ||
| Male | Ref. | ||
| Marital status | <0.0001 | 0.009 | 0.33 |
| Married | 1.9 (1.1–3.4) | 1.7 (0.9–3.3) | 1.3 (0.6–2.7) |
| Widowed/divorced | 1.2 (0.6–2.1) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) |
| Never married | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Education | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.02 |
| None | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Primary only | 2.0 (1.1–4.0) | 1.4 (1.0–1.9) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) |
| Secondary and above | 2.2 (1.2–3.8) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7) | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) |
| Average household income per month (USD) | 0.44 | ||
| <156 | Ref. | ||
| 156–311 | 1.0 (0.7–1.4) | ||
| >312 | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | ||
| Wealth index | 0.05 | ||
| 1 (poorest) | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | ||
| 2 | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | ||
| 3 | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | ||
| 4 | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | ||
| 5 (least poor) | Ref. | ||
| District | 0.005 | ||
| Mueang | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | ||
| Thatphanom | 2.0 (1.2–3.1) | ||
| Srisongkram | 1.9 (1.0–3.7) | ||
| Plapak | Ref. | ||
| Distance to vaccination center | <0.0001 | 0.0002 | 0.0001 |
| 1 (Nearest) | 4.0 (2.2–7.4) | 3.1 (1.8–5.3) | 3.0 (1.7–5.1) |
| 2 | 2.6 (1.4–4.8) | 2.5 (1.4–4.3) | 2.4 (1.4–4.2) |
| 3 | 2.7 (1.5–4.9) | 2.5 (1.5–4.3) | 2.4 (1.3–4.2) |
| 4 (Farthest) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Visited a physician in last 3 months | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.23 |
| Yes | 1.4 (1.0–1.8) | 1.3 (1.0–1.8) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Admitted to hospital in last 12 months | 0.45 | ||
| Yes | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | ||
| No | Ref. | ||
| Any chronic disease | 0.33 | ||
| Yes | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | ||
| No | Ref. | ||
| Does not leave house daily | 0.0002 | 0.09 | 0.33 |
| Yes | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.8 (0.6–1.0) | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) |
| No | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Fell in last 6 months | 0.9 | ||
| Yes | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | ||
| No | Ref. | ||
| Moderate to severe memory loss | 0.19 | ||
| Yes | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | ||
| No | Ref. | ||
| Vulnerable | 0.0007 | 0.33 | 0.16 |
| Yes (VES ≥3) | 0.6 (0.5–0.8) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 0.8 (0.7–1.1) |
| No (VES <3) | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
| Vaccinated for influenza in previous year | <0.0001 | ||
| Yes | 3.0 (2.1–4.3) | ||
| No | Ref. | ||
| Perception of susceptibility | 0.57 | ||
| Low | Ref. | ||
| High | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | ||
| Perception of severity | 0.59 | ||
| Low | Ref. | ||
| High | 1.0 (0.9–1.3) | ||
| Perception of benefits | 0.0001 | 0.005 | |
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | |
| High | 3.5 (1.8–6.6) | 2.8 (1.4–5.6) | |
| Perception of barriers | 0.26 | ||
| Low | Ref. | ||
| High | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | ||
| Cues to action | <0.0001 | 0.002 | |
| Low | Ref. | Ref. | |
| High | 3.0 (1.7–5.2) | 2.7 (1.5–5.1) |
*Model I includes all variables related to the functional status of the participant with P<0.05 in univariable analyses. Model II includes all variables from Model I plus Health Belief Model constructs with P<0.05 in univariable analyses. Models I and II contain 531 observations after removing participants with missing VES scores (n = 49) and age (n = 1).
**P values are Type III Wald Statistics from GEE model.
PR = Prevalence Ratio, CI = Confidence Interval.