Table 3.

Paternal cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality, age 40 to 69 years, by number of births stratified by mothers education.

		CARDIOVASCULAR CAUSES *			NON-CARDIOVASCULAR CAUSES *
EDUCATION (MOTHERS)	NUMBER OF BIRTHS	NUMBER OF FATHERS	PATERNAL DEATHS (PER 1000)	HR (95% CI) †	NUMBER OF FATHERS	PATERNAL DEATHS (PER 1000)	HR (95% CI) †
LOW (<11 YEARS)	1	39758	1250 (31.4)	1.8 (1.6–1.9)	38508	3230 (83.9)	1.8 (1.7–1.9)
	2	113412	2263 (20.0)	1.4 (1.3–1.5)	111148	6242 (56.2)	1.3 (1.3–1.4)
	3	58113	1104 (19.0)	1.4 (1.3–1.5)	57009	2818 (49.4)	1.2 (1.1–1.3)
	4	14482	311 (21.5)	1.5 (1.4–1.8)	14171	748 (52.8)	1.3 (1.2–1.4)
	≥5	4280	99 (23.1)	1.7 (1.4–2.0)	4181	191 (45.7)	1.10 (0.95–1.3)
				p-trend=0.03 ‡			p-trend<0.01 ‡
	TOTAL	230045	5027 (21.9)		225017	13229 (58.8)
HIGH (≥11YEARS)	1	27035	497 (18.4)	1.3 (1.2–1.5)	26538	1500 (56.5)	1.4 (1.3–1.5)
	2	95373	1092 (11.4)	1.0 (ref.) §	94281	3347 (35.5)	1.0 (ref.) §
	3	58220	457 (7.8)	0.79 (0.71–0.88)	57763	1569 (27.2)	0.86 (0.81–0.91)
	4	13589	115 (8.5)	0.86 (0.71–1.04)	13474	348 (25.8)	0.82 (0.73–0.91)
	≥5	3426	28 (8.2)	0.75 (0.52–1.09)	3398	81 (23.8)	0.70 (0.56–0.87)
				p-trend<0.01 ‡			p-trend<0.01 ‡
	TOTAL	197643	2189 (11.1)		195454	6845 (35.0)

^*Data are defined; Cardiovascular causes of death: Ischemic heart diseases and cerebrovascular disease combined. Non-cardiovascular causes of death: All other causes than cardiovascular causes (see material and method).

^†Data are presented with ratios; HR=Hazard Ratio with 95% confidence interval, adjusted for father’s birth year.

^‡Data are assessed for linearity; P-trend: linear association between paternal mortality and increasing number of births exceeding one.

^§Data are defined; Reference (ref.): fathers living with a mother with two births and 11+ years of education.