Figure 2. Glutamine metabolism in PDAC cells.

Cartoon representing metabolic pathways in proliferating cells. Glucose (Glu) and glutamine (Gln) are metabolized into critical intermediates that are necessary for energy balance and cellular growth, such as nucleotides, amino acids and lipids. Key enzymes in glutaminolysis are discussed in the text (shown in red). A-KG, α-ketoglutarate; OAA, oxaloacetate; Ac-CoA, acetyl coenzymeA; Asp, aspartate; CPSII, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II; GSH, glutathione; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; GLS, glutaminase; GPAT, glutamine amido phosphoribosyl transferase; ME1, malic enzyme 1; AST, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase; GDH, glutamate dehydrogenase; TCA cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle.