Table 1.

Explanatory variables, Ns, percent with characteristic, and test for difference in age coefficients in models without and with the explanatory variable

Explanatory Variable	N	Percent with characteristic	Χ2 statistic (df = 15)
Confounding Association
Asthma	1,390,629	11.6	952.8
Have Health Insurance	1,391,078	83.6	657.5
Weekly church	1,019,501	47.4	638.1
Kids at home	1,390,991	37.0	100.0
Suppression (Negative Confounding)
Health Problem	1,387,185	22.1	15,888.6
Health rated as Good or better	1,391,592	79.9	7,945.0
High Blood pressure	1,389,627	30.5	5,934.2
High Cholesterol	1,387,609	26.6	4,581.6
Safe to Walk in neighborhood	1,134,667	72.3	2,599.5
Heart Attack	1,390,581	4.1	2,077.3
Diabetes	1,390,277	11.5	1,992.7
Cancer	1,390,181	7.3	1,052.0
Employment	1,115,322	51.6	858.5
Confounder for Young—Middle Aged; Suppressor for Middle—Old Ages
Married	1,389,229	56.0	2,431.8
High Income	834,208	48.4	1,934.7
Suppressor for Young—Middle Aged; Confounder for Middle—Old Ages
Depression diagnosis	1,390,200	17.6	4,382.9
Someone to count on	324,155	84.1	1,595.4

Note. All Χ² values are significant at p<.0001.

The sample size varies for the candidate variables, because of missing observations and because Gallup-Healthways did not administer exactly the same set of questions over the period from 2010 to 2014.