Fig 2.

Examples of clinical trial designs incorporating minimal residual disease (MRD) assessment and MRD-based intervention. ASCT, autologous stem-cell transplantation; CR, complete response; DLBCL, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma; EOI, end of induction; IgNGS, immunoglobulin gene next-generation sequencing; MCL, mantle cell lymphoma; NGS, next-generation sequencing; PB, peripheral blood; PD, progressive disease; PR, partial response; R-CHOP, rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone. (*) MRD unfavorable versus favorable terminology is used because with early interim assessment the threshold may be more complicated than just MRD positive versus MRD negative (eg, a quantitative decrease in MRD level by a certain threshold).