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. 2017 Nov 29;7:16556. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16448-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Production of micro- and nano- vesicles by first trimester human placentae in the presence of aPL. First trimester human placentae were cultured with placental culture medium (Untreated), or in the presence of isotype-matched control antibody (IgG) or murine aPL antibodies (ID2, 50 µg/mL, n = 10 placentae, A–F). In some experiments, human placentae were cultured in the presence of total IgG from aPL-positive patients (aPL, 50 µg/mL, n = 5 placentae), with total IgG from non-autoimmune individuals being used as a control (IgG, G–L, n = 5 placentae). Micro- (A–C, G–I) and nano- (D–F, J–L) vesicles were collected, and their concentration, mean and modal size was analysed by nanoparticle tracking analysis. Statistical differences between treatment groups were examined by repeated measures one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni’s correction (*p < 0.05).