Fig. 2.

Chiral geometry of NP dimers. a TEM image of NP dimers in cell culture media; Scale bar: 100 nm. b Bio-TEM images of NP dimers in the HeLa cells; Scale bars: 100 nm. c TEM tomography images (bottom) of NP dimers both outside and inside cells with schematics of dimers’ geometry (top). d Statistical analysis of the dihedral angles θ for NP dimers inside and outside the cell as determined from cryo-TEM tomography images. The error bars correspond to the standard error of the mean (n = 3). The sign of the dihedral angle in these nanoscale structures was chosen in accord with the IUPAC convention. e Simulated CD spectra of NP dimers intra- and extracellular localization of NP dimers based on geometries from d