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. 2017 Nov 29;7:16596. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16669-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) Topographies (upper panel) and time-frequency representations (TFR, lower panel) of upper alpha band power after deviant as opposed to standard tones. (b) Greater alpha suppression at 330–490 ms after deviant (vs. standard) tones over posterior electrodes in PTSD patients compared to trauma-exposed matched controls suggests hyperresponsiveness to stimulus change, increased auditory processing, and/or stronger stimulus-feature representations in auditory sensory memory in PTSD. Note that topographies were averaged over time window and TFRs over electrodes where a cluster-based permutation test detected a significant group effect in response to auditory stimulus change.