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. 2017 Nov 29;7:16570. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16707-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Topical Aldara application induces significant changes in Iba1⁺ and GFAP⁺ cells in the hippocampus. Immunohistochemistry was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin embedded brain sections from mice treated daily with Aldara or control cream. Samples were collected 24 hr after first treatment and 24 hr after 3 daily treatment. (A) Representative images of Iba1⁺ staining in mouse hippocampus. (B) Quantification of Iba1⁺ area in mouse hippocampus. (C) Representative images of GFAP⁺ staining in mouse hippocampus. (D) Quantification of GFAP⁺ area in mouse hippocampus. Quantification was performed using ImageJ analysis software. Significance was determined using one-way ANOVA with post-hoc Student’s t-test with Bonferroni’s multiple testing correction. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.