Figure 6.

Graphene-based patterning and differentiation of human MSCs. (a) Characterizations of aligned GO nanoribbon grid on Si₃N₄/Si(100) substrates by AFM. AFM images of GO nanoribbon grid in a (i) wide and (ii) close window. (iii) and (iv) present height profiles of GO nanoribbon grid along the white lines marked in (i) and (ii), respectively. (v) exhibits the height profile histogram of GO nanoribbon grid. (b) Accelerated osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs determined by Alizarin Red staining after 1 week incubation (i–iii) with induction and (iv–vi) without induction. Scale bars are 10 μm. (vii) Normalized optical absorbance of the differentiated cells and normal cells. Reproduced with permission from [72]. Copyright Elsevier Ltd, 2013. Abbreviations: G, graphene; GONR, GO nanoribbon grid; MHC, myosin heavy chain; rGONR, rGO nanoribbon grid; S, SiO₂.