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. 2017 Nov 4;7(11):369. doi: 10.3390/nano7110369

Table 1.

Summary of studies on the various biomedical applications of graphene nanomaterial-coated substrates to date.

Applications Target Graphene Nanomaterial Methods & Findings Control Ref.
Immunosensor PSA-ACT rGO on amine-SAM substrate
  • -

    Solution gated FET & anti-PSA

  • -

    100 fg/mL of detection limit

 CEA [60]
Immunosensor E. coli TRMGO on SiO2/Si
  • -

    Back gated FET & anti-E. coli

  • -

    10 cfu/mL of detection limit

 Non-pathogenic E. coli & plant-pathogenic bacterium [61]
Immunosensor DNA PNA-rGO on SiO2/Si
  • -

    Liquid-gated FET

  • -

    Label-free detection

  • -

    100 fM of detection limit

 Non-complementary DNA [62]
Electrode array Neural imaging Four-layer graphene on Au or Pt
  • -

    Implantable on the brain surface in rodents

  • -

    Ability of in vivo 3D imaging & optogenetic stimulation

 Pt micro-ECoG device [64]
Antibacterial system E. coli & S. aureus GONWs
  • -

    Achieving GONWs by EPD of Mg2+-GONSs

  • -

    Toxic effects of GONWs on bacteria

 RGNWs [65]
GBR membrane Rat calvarial defect GO on Ti membrane
  • -

    Biocompatibility of GO at 10 μg/mL

  • -

    Bone regeneration effects of GO-Ti

 Ti membrane [50]
Bone graft material BMSCs & Rat calvarial defect rGO-HA & rGO-BCP
  • -

    Osteogenetic effects of rGO

  • -

    Bone regeneration ability of rGO

 HA & BCP [51,52]

Abbreviations: ACT, α1-antichymotrypsin; BCP, biphasic calcium phosphate; BMSC, bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid; ECoG, electrocorticography; E. coli, Escherichia coli; EPD, electrophoretic deposition; FET, field-effect transistor; GBR, guided bone regeneration; GO, graphene oxide; GONS, graphene oxide nanosheet; GONW, graphene oxide nanowall; HA, hydroxyapatite; Non-pathogenic E. coli, E. coli DH5α; Plant-pathogenic bacterium, Dickeya dadantii 3937; PNA, peptide nucleic acid; PSA, prostate specific antigen; RGNW, reduced graphene nanowall; rGO, reduced graphene oxide; SAM, self-assembly monolayer; S. aureus, Staphylococcus aureus; 3D, three-dimensional; TRMGO, thermally reduced monolayer graphene oxide.