Table 2.
Characteristics of one-day dietary measures by dietary sodium quartiles for US adults aged ≥18 years—National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011–2014.
| Characteristics | All 24-h Diet Recalls | Total Daily Sodium a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | ||
| 684–2295 mg | 2296–3189 mg | 3190–4366 mg | 4367–10,134 mg | ||
| n = 10,142 | n = 2539 | n = 2532 | n = 2538 | n = 2533 | |
| % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | |
| Gender * | |||||
| Men | 49.3 (48.0, 50.6) | 30.2 (28.0, 32.6) | 40.0 (36.9, 43.2) | 51.0 (47.6, 54.3) | 73.6 (71.4, 75.7) |
| Women | 50.7 (49.4, 52.0) | 69.8 (67.4, 72.0) | 60.0 (56.8, 63.1) | 49.0 (45.7, 52.4) | 26.4 (24.3, 28.6) |
| Age group (years) * | |||||
| 18–44 | 46.5 (43.9, 49.1) | 38.7 (35.3, 42.3) | 42.3 (38.5, 46.1) | 47.5 (43.8, 51.1) | 56.5 (52.4, 60.5) |
| 45–64 | 35.8 (33.9, 37.7) | 37.1 (33.9, 40.4) | 37.1 (34.2, 40.1) | 35.5 (32.2, 39.1) | 33.6 (30.0, 37.4) |
| 65+ | 17.7 (16.5, 19.0) | 24.2 (21.6, 26.9) | 20.6 (18.0, 23.5) | 17.0 (15.1, 19.1) | 9.8 (8.4, 11.6) |
| Race/Ethnicity | |||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 65.8 (60.4, 70.7) | 63.9 (57.3, 70.1) | 67.1 (61.3, 72.4) | 66.9 (61.3, 72.1) | 65.0 (59.8, 69.8) |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 11.5 (8.8, 14.9) | 13.0 (10.0, 16.9) | 10.4 (7.8, 13.6) | 11.4 (8.4, 15.2) | 11.5 (8.6, 15.0) |
| Mexican American | 8.9 (6.6, 11.8) | 8.6 (6.3, 11.5) | 7.9 (5.4, 11.3) | 8.3 (6.3, 10.9) | 10.7 (7.7, 14.7) |
| Other Hispanics | 5.9 (4.4, 7.9) | 7.0 (4.8, 10.0) | 6.2 (4.6, 8.4) | 5.5 (4.0, 7.6) | 5.1 (3.7, 6.9) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 5.2 (4.2, 6.4) | 5.2 (4.0, 6.7) | 5.2 (4.3, 6.4) | 5.0 (3.8, 6.6) | 5.2 (4.0, 6.8) |
| Other Race/Multi-Racial | 2.7 (2.1, 3.6) | 2.3 (1.7, 3.2) | 3.2 (2.2, 4.6) | 2.9 (1.9, 4.4) | 2.6 (1.7, 3.9) |
| Family income to poverty ratio (IPR) * | |||||
| <100% | 16.2 (13.7, 19.0) | 19.8 (16.5, 23.6) | 13.7 (11.6, 16.2) | 14.2 (11.7, 17.2) | 17.3 (13.1, 22.5) |
| 100–299% | 33.6 (31.0, 36.2) | 34.4 (30.3, 38.7) | 34.4 (30.9, 38.1) | 33.0 (29.7, 36.5) | 32.5 (29.1, 36.2) |
| 300–499% | 21.1 (18.9, 23.4) | 19.0 (16.6, 21.7) | 21.3 (17.7, 25.4) | 21.0 (18.6, 23.6) | 22.9 (19.2, 27.0) |
| ≥500% | 29.2 (26.1, 32.4) | 26.8 (23.1, 30.9) | 30.6 (26.6, 34.8) | 31.8 (28.0, 35.8) | 27.3 (23.0, 32.2) |
| Education (among those aged 25 years or older) * | |||||
| <High school diploma | 15.8 (13.5, 18.3) | 19.6 (16.3, 23.5) | 16.2 (13.4, 19.5) | 12.6 (10.7, 14.7) | 14.8 (12.3, 17.8) |
| High school diploma | 21.0 (18.9, 23.2) | 22.8 (19.8, 26.2) | 19.9 (17.4, 22.8) | 19.6 (16.9, 22.6) | 21.7 (18.0, 25.9) |
| Some college | 30.8 (29.0, 32.6) | 30.6 (27.6, 33.7) | 31.7 (28.5, 35.2) | 30.3 (27.1, 33.8) | 30.4 (27.5, 33.4) |
| ≥College degree | 32.5 (28.8, 36.4) | 27.0 (22.8, 31.6) | 32.1 (28.2, 36.3) | 37.5 (33.2, 42.0) | 33.1 (28.3, 38.2) |
| BMI categories b | |||||
| Underweight | 1.7 (1.3, 2.1) | 1.9 (1.3, 2.9) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.1) | 1.7 (1.2, 2.4) | 1.8 (1.3, 2.7) |
| Normal | 30.1 (28.3, 32.0) | 32.0 (29.2, 35.0) | 31.2 (28.1, 34.5) | 30.4 (27.1, 33.9) | 27.1 (24.0, 30.4) |
| Overweight | 32.5 (30.7, 34.4) | 30.9 (27.5, 34.5) | 31.1 (28.6, 33.7) | 33.3 (30.5, 36.2) | 34.6 (31.4, 37.9) |
| Obese | 35.7 (33.9, 37.5) | 35.2 (32.2, 38.2) | 36.4 (33.3, 39.6) | 34.6 (31.4, 37.9) | 36.4 (33.1, 39.9) |
| Self-reported hypertension * | 32.7 (30.7, 34.6) | 36.4 (34.0, 38.9) | 32.9 (30.0, 35.7) | 31.8 (28.6, 35.0) | 29.9 (27.5, 32.4) |
| Self-reported diabetes * | 9.4 (8.7, 10.1) | 11.4 (10.0, 12.8) | 10.7 (8.8, 12.6) | 7.8 (6.3, 9.3) | 7.9 (6.6, 9.2) |
| Total energy (kcal) quartiles *,c | |||||
| 1st quartile | 22.2 (21.2, 23.2) | 64.8 (62.2, 67.2) | 22.0 (19.8, 24.5) | 5.4 (4.3, 6.7) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) |
| 2nd quartile | 25.3 (23.9, 26.7) | 26.3 (24.3, 28.4) | 43.3 (40.6, 46.1) | 27.2 (24.6, 29.9) | 5.2 (4.2, 6.3) |
| 3rd quartile | 26.6 (25.2, 28.0) | 7.8 (6.1, 10.0) | 28.0 (25.5, 30.6) | 42.8 (39.4, 46.3) | 25.9 (23.8, 28.1) |
| 4th quartile | 26.0 (24.9, 27.0) | 1.1 (0.6, 2.1) | 6.7 (5.4, 8.3) | 24.7 (22.9, 26.6) | 67.8 (65.8, 69.8) |
* Pearson’s Chi-square p-value <0.05 testing difference across sodium quartiles; a Total daily sodium excludes sodium from salt added at the table; b BMI (body mass index) categories: underweight (<18.5 kg/m2), normal (18.5–25 kg/m2), overweight (25–30 kg/m2), obese (≥30 kg/m2); c Total energy quartiles (median (range)): 1st quartile (1155 kcal (186–1444)); 2nd quartile (1692 kcal (1445–1949)); 3rd quartile (2245 kcal (1950–2622)); and 4th quartile (3211 kcal (2623–8918)).