Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted a linear regression coefficients from analyses of total sodium b (per 100 mg/day) with each macronutrients and HEI-2010 components (dependent variables)—National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011–2014 (n = 10,142).
| Dependent Variables | Mean (95% CI) | Unadjusted Models | Adjusted Models a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient c (95% CI) | p-Value | Coefficient c (95% CI) | p-Value | ||
| Macronutrients | |||||
| Protein (g/1000 kcal) | 39.61 (39.02, 40.19) | 0.077 (0.055, 0.100) | <0.001 | 0.481 (0.439, 0.524) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrates (g/1000 kcal) | 121.22 (120.36, 122.08) | −0.352 (−0.399, −0.306) | <0.001 | −0.504 (−0.575, −0.434) | <0.001 |
| Fiber (g/1000 kcal) | 8.46 (8.27, 8.66) | −0.033 (−0.042, −0.025) | <0.001 | 0.022 (0.007, 0.036) | 0.004 |
| Total fat (g/1000 kcal) | 37.52 (37.21, 37.83) | 0.117 (0.104, 0.129) | <0.001 | 0.131 (0.094, 0.168) | <0.001 |
| HEI-2010 components | |||||
| Whole grains (oz/1000 kcal) | 0.46 (0.44, 0.49) | −0.005 (−0.006, −0.004) | <0.001 | −0.001 (−0.003, 0.001) | 0.290 |
| Meat protein (oz/1000 kcal) | 3.00 (2.93, 3.07) | 0.009 (0.007, 0.012) | <0.001 | 0.047 (0.042, 0.053) | <0.001 |
| Seafood and plant protein (oz/1000 kcal) | 0.77 (0.71, 0.82) | −0.002 (−0.004, 0.001) | 0.238 | −0.001 (−0.006, 0.003) | 0.586 |
| Refined grains (oz/1000 kcal) | 2.61 (2.56, 2.66) | 0.011 (0.008, 0.013) | <0.001 | 0.025 (0.022, 0.029) | <0.001 |
| Total vegetables (cups/1000 kcal) | 0.79 (0.76, 0.82) | −0.001 (−0.003, 0.0002) | 0.096 | 0.014 (0.012, 0.017) | <0.001 |
| Greens and beans (cups/1000 kcal) | 0.11 (0.10, 0.12) | −0.0003 (−0.001, 0.0001) | 0.149 | 0.003 (0.002, 0.003) | <0.001 |
| Total fruit (cups/1000 kcal) | 0.47 (0.44, 0.49) | −0.008 (−0.009, −0.007) | <0.001 | −0.007 (−0.008, −0.005) | <0.001 |
| Whole fruit (cups/1000 kcal) | 0.34 (0.32, 0.36) | −0.007 (−0.008, −0.006) | <0.001 | −0.004 (−0.005, −0.003) | <0.001 |
| Dairy (cups/1000 kcal) | 0.74 (0.72, 0.77) | 0.002 (0.001, 0.003) | 0.001 | 0.004 (0.002, 0.005) | <0.001 |
| Empty calories (% of total kcal) d | 28.00 (27.47, 28.53) | 0.005 (−0.015, 0.026) | 0.597 | −0.241 (−0.278, −0.205) | <0.001 |
| Modified total HEI-2010 score e | 47.12 (46.36, 47.88) | −0.061 (−0.086, −0.036) | <0.001 | 0.112 (0.074, 0.151) | <0.001 |
Abbreviation: CI, confidence interval. a Regression models adjusted for total kilocalories, age, gender, and race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Mexican-American, other Hispanic, non-Hispanic Asian, and other race/multi-racial); b Total sodium excludes sodium from salt added at the table; c Linear regression coefficient for total sodium (independent variable). Each macronutrient and HEI-2010 component was analyzed in its own model as the dependent variable; d Empty calories include calories from discretionary solid fats and added sugars as well as from alcohol beyond moderate amount determined by the 2010 US Dietary Guidelines of 2 drinks per day (threshold > 28 g ethanol); e Modified total HEI-2010 score was calculated by subtracting the sodium component score from the Total HEI-2010 score (Table 1).