Table 2.
Dietary intake and physical activity at baseline and during weight maintenance in the LCD and VLCD groups and both groups combined (All).
| Baseline Diet (D1) | Weight Maintenance (D2 and D3) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LCD | VLCD | All | LCD | VLCD | All | p * | |
| Energy (kcal/day) | 1991 ± 116 | 2120 ± 99 | 2071 ± 82 | 1677 ± 96 | 1713 ± 88 | 1684 ± 65 | <0.001 |
| Protein (%) a | 17.5 ± 0.6 | 17.7 ± 0.9 | 17.6 ± 0.6 | 19.7 ± 0.8 | 20.1 ± 0.8 | 20.1 ± 0.6 | <0.001 c |
| Carbohydrate (%) a | 43.3 ± 1.3 | 45.0 ± 1.5 | 43.9 ± 7.3 | 48.0 ± 1.3 | 45.8 ± 1.1 | 46.8 ± 6.2 | 0.012 |
| Sugars (%) a | 19.8 ± 1.3 | 20.3 ± 1.2 | 20.2 ± 6.5 | 21.6 ± 1.2 | 19.6 ± 1.1 | 20.4 ± 6.3 | 0.801 |
| Fat (%) a | 37.0 ± 1.3 | 35.1 ± 1.3 | 36.3 ± 6.8 | 30.2 ± 1.0 | 32.3 ± 1.1 | 31.7 ± 5.4 | <0.001 |
| Saturated fat (g/1000 kcal) b | 15.2 ± 0.8 | 14.6 ± 0.8 | 15.1 ± 0.6 | 11.7 ± 0.5 | 12.7 ± 0.4 | 12.2 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Trans fat (g/1000 kcal) b | 1.17 ± 0.09 | 1.00 ± 0.08 | 1.08 ± 0.06 | 0.85 ± 0.13 | 0.95 ± 0.07 | 0.91 ± 0.08 | 0.041 c |
| MUFA (mg/1000 kcal) b | 13.8 ± 0.6 | 12.9 ± 0.5 | 13.5 ± 0.4 | 12.4 ± 0.7 | 12.4 ± 0.4 | 12.4 ± 0.4 | 0.104 c |
| PUFA (mg/1000 kcal) b | 7.75 ±0.51 | 7.67 ± 0.44 | 7.73 ± 0.34 | 6.85 ± 0.35 | 7.20 ± 0.36 | 7.05 ± 0.25 | 0.034 c |
| Omega 3 fatty acids (mg/1000 kcal) b | 0.89 ± 0.09 | 0.75 ± 0.08 | 0.83 ± 0.06 | 0.90 ± 0.09 | 0.84 ± 0.06 | 0.87 ± 0.06 | 0.584 c |
| Omega 6 fatty acids (mg/1000 kcal) b | 6.04 ±0.52 | 6.26 ± 0.43 | 6.15 ± 0.35 | 5.27 ± 0.28 | 5.65 ± 0.33 | 5.48 ± 0.21 | 0.038 |
| Cholesterol (mg/1000 kcal) b | 118.1 ±7.2 | 110.7 ± 8.1 | 117.2 ± 5.6 | 108.1 ± 8.4 | 106.3 ± 8.9 | 107.5 ± 6.1 | 0.202 |
| Fiber (g/1000 kcal) b | 9.77 ± 0.70 | 11.03 ± 0.64 | 10.48 ± 0.50 | 13.28 ± 0.55 | 13.88 ± 0.62 | 13.56 ± 0.42 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol (g/1000 kcal) b | 3.17 ± 1.02 | 2.82 ± 1.04 | 3.12 ± 0.77 | 2.25 ± 0.59 | 2.30 ± 0.72 | 2.19 ± 0.46 | 0.185 c |
| Magnesium (mg/1000 kcal) b | 145.8 ± 7.84 | 157.3 ± 6.1 | 152.2 ± 5.3 | 189.2 ± 6.7 | 182.3 ± 5.8 | 185.6 ± 4.6 | <0.001 |
| Iron (mg/1000 kcal) b | 6.14 ± 0.39 | 5.89 ± 0.31 | 6.04 ± 0.26 | 7.16 ± 0.33 | 6.94 ± 0.21 | 7.07 ± 0.20 | 0.001 c |
| Selenium (mg/1000 kcal) b | 27.8 ± 2.4 | 25.6 ± 2.0 | 26.8 ± 1.7 | 33.3 ± 2.4 | 28.6 ± 2.1 | 31.1 ± 1.6 | 0.037 c |
| Zinc (mg/1000 kcal) b | 5.00 ± 0.22 | 5.33 ± 0.34 | 5.19 ± 0.21 | 5.88 ± 0.23 | 5.78 ± 0.31 | 5.86 ± 0.2 | 0.022 c |
| Vitamin A (μg/1000 kcal) b | 362.9 ± 34.4 | 360.6 ± 41.5 | 373.2 ± 27.7 | 375.2 ± 28.2 | 534.6 ± 77.7 | 449.5 ± 40.9 | 0.046 c |
| Vitamin D (mg/1000 kcal) b | 2.31 ± 0.42 | 1.77 ± 0.18 | 2.07 ± 0.25 | 1.99 ± 0.18 | 2.11 ± 0.25 | 2.05 ± 0.15 | 0.362 c |
| Vitamin E (mg/1000 kcal) b | 6.58 ± 0.52 | 6.89 ± 0.49 | 6.79 ± 0.37 | 6.83 ± 0.39 | 6.48 ± 0.48 | 6.65 ± 0.31 | 0.667 |
| Thiamin (mg/1000 kcal) b | 0.64 ± 0.04 | 0.73 ± 0.06 | 0.69 ± 0.04 | 0.84 ± 0.05 | 0.72 ± 0.05 | 0.79 ± 0.04 | 0.037 c |
| Riboflavin (mg/1000 kcal) b | 0.79 ± 0.07 | 0.78 ± 0.06 | 0.79 ± 0.04 | 0.99 ± 0.06 | 0.92 ± 0.07 | 0.97 ± 0.05 | 0.003 c |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/1000 kcal) b | 0.89 ± 0.05 | 1.07 ± 0.08 | 0.99 ± 0.05 | 1.30 ± 0.08 | 1.25 ± 0.08 | 1.27 ± 0.06 | <0.001 c |
| Folate (μg/1000 kcal) b | 87.1 ± 10.3 | 95.8 ± 6.3 | 93.0 ± 6.4 | 128.1 ± 9.6 | 110.1 ± 6.9 | 119.7 ± 6.3 | <0.001 c |
| Vitamin B12 (mg/1000 kcal) b | 3.46 ± 0.96 | 2.26 ± 0.29 | 2.96 ± 0.55 | 3.27 ± 0.62 | 2.87 ± 0.44 | 3.04 ± 0.39 | 0.257 c |
| Niacin (mg/1000 kcal) b | 9.28 ± 0.53 | 9.13 ± 0.61 | 9.15 ± 0.42 | 11.67 ± 0.68 | 10.81 ± 0.58 | 11.24 ± 0.46 | 0.001 c |
| Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal) b | 46.2 ± 7.6 | 54.0 ± 5.4 | 52.0 ± 4.9 | 67.4 ± 6.6 | 57.2 ± 5.5 | 61.2 ±4.2 | 0.025 c |
| Dietary Inflammatory Index ^ | 6.11 ± 0.43 | 5.73 ± 0.39 | 5.84 ± 0.31 | 4.44 ± 0.35 | 4.49 ± 0.35 | 4.48 ± 0.25 | <0.001 c |
| Physical Activity # | 9.07 ± 0.18 | 9.07 ± 0.21 | 8.95 ± 0.14 | 9.06 ± 0.20 | 8.78 ± 0.18 | 9.03 ± 0.14 | 0.437 |
a Dietary intake as % of total energy intake; b dietary intake in gram or milligram per 1000 kcal of total energy intake; c wilcoxon signed ranks t-test for non-normally distributed data. * p value of paired t-test comparing baseline diet and weight maintenance diet in the whole group. ^ Dietary inflammatory index: The sum of dietary inflammatory scores of each nutrient as calculated by Tabung et al. [26]; # physical activity was calculated using the Baecke questionnaire for habitual physical activity [27]. Data on dietary intake during the weight maintenance period are the average of dietary records obtained during the weight stable (WS) and the follow up (FU) periods; dietary intakes during WS and FU are provided in supplement 2; no significant differences were found between LCD and VLCD groups (independent t-test) before and during weight maintenance; LCD: low calorie diet group; VLCD: very low calorie diet group, MUFA: mono-unsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: poly-unsaturated fatty acid.