Table 2.
Serum chemistry and insulin levels in the HL and NASH groups fed STD or HFD.
| P Values for Two-Way ANOVA | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | STD | HFD | Main Effect of Microbiota | Main Effect of Diet | Interaction (M × D) | ||
| HL | NASH | HL | NASH | ||||
| ALT (U/L) | 14.7 ± 2.8 | 53.1 ± 25.5 | 138.3 ± 58.7 | 230.7 ± 83.1 * | 0.009 | <0.0001 | 0.248 |
| AST (U/L) | 78.2 ± 14.5 | 161.0 ± 23.9 # | 127.8 ± 30.2 | 218.2 ± 67.0 * | 0.0001 | 0.007 | 0.832 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 15.6 ± 0.80 | 16.5 ± 0.87 | 15.7 ± 2.46 | 20.7 ± 0.89 * | 0.017 | 0.078 | 0.085 |
| T-CHO (mmol/L) | 3.67 ± 0.78 | 3.01 ± 0.8 | 6.22 ± 0.32 | 6.48 ± 0.91 | 0.531 | <0.0001 | 0.146 |
| TGs (mmol/L) | 0.63 ± 0.26 | 0.62 ± 0.12 | 0.81 ± 0.21 | 0.98 ± 0.24 | 0.413 | 0.006 | 0.330 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.96 ± 0.26 | 2.47 ± 0.62 # | 4.05 ± 0.19 | 3.97 ± 0.37 | 0.087 | <0.0001 | 0.218 |
| NEFAs (mmol/L) | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 0.373 | <0.0001 | 0.135 |
| Insulin (μU/mL) | 74.9 ± 24.1 | 25.4 ± 3.7 # | 171.3 ± 36.1 | 99.9 ± 19.9 * | 0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.368 |
| HOMA-IR | 52.8 ± 9.3 | 18.4 ± 2.7 # | 119.4 ± 28.1 | 88.9 ± 20.6 | 0.0058 | <0.0001 | 0.8473 |
HL: healthy humans; NASH: NASH patients; STD: standard diet; HFD: high fat diet; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; GLU: glucose; TGs: triglycerides; T-CHO: total cholesterol; HDL-C: high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; NEFAs: nonesterified fatty acids; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; ANOVA: a two-way analysis of variance; M: microbiota; D: diet. Values are mean ± standard deviation (SD) for n = 10 mice in each group; # p< 0.05 compared with STD-fed HL group; * p < 0.05 compared with the HFD-fed HL group.