Table 1.
Demographic, anthropometric and clinical characteristics, functional class, etiology, biohumeral variables, physical performance (bicycle test), and cardiac hemodynamic variables of the studied CHF patients.
| All CHF (n = 41) | NYHA II (n = 12) | NYHA III (n = 19) | NYHA IV (n = 10) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | Age (years) | 60 ± 8.2 | 57 ± 13.1 | 57.0 ± 8.4 | 61 ± 3.9 |
| Sex (male/female) | 30/11 | 8/4 | 12/7 | 8/2 | |
| Anthropometrics | Body weight (kg) | 78.5 ± 15.2 | 82 ± 21.3 | 82.1 ± 14.7 | 73 ± 2.8 |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 27.7 ± 5 | 29.2 ± 5.5 | 28.8 ± 5.5 | 24 ± 0.7 * | |
| Etiology | Ischemic | 21 pts (51.2%) | 6/12 | 8/19 | 7/10 |
| Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy | 13 pts (31.7%) | 4/12 | 6/19 | 3/10 | |
| Valvular | 7 pts (17.1%) | 2/12 | 5/19 | 0/10 | |
| Functional class | NYHA | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 2 ± 0 | 3 ± 0 | 4 ± 0 |
| SBP/DPB | Blood pressure | 109.7 ± 14.7 | 117 ± 16.9 | 107 ± 13 | 105 ± 14.3 |
| Systolic blood pressure mmHg/diastolic blood pressure mmHg | 67 ± 14.5 | 71 ± 13.5 | 68 ± 14 | 63 ± 16 | |
| Medications | ACE inhibition | 41 pts (100%) | 12 pts | 19 pts | 10 pts |
| β blockers | 41 pts (100%) | 12 pts | 19 pts | 10 pts | |
| Digoxin | 13 pts (31.7%) | 5 pts | 3 pts | 5 pts | |
| Diuretics | 41 pts (100%) | 12 pts | 19 pts | 10 pts | |
| Spironolactone | 4 pts (9.7%) | - | 1 pts | 3 pts | |
| Blood | Glucose (mg dL−1; nv = 80–110) | 97.5 ± 18.1 | 92 ± 15.5 | 102.5 ± 20.9 | 98.5 ± 19.1 |
| Albumin (g dL−1; nv = 3.5–5) | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 4.5 ± 0.5 | 4.4 ± 0.1 | |
| Hemoglobin (g dL−1; nv = 12–15) | 13.0 ± 12.0 | 12.4 ± 1.7 | 12.7 ± 1.6 | 11.3 ± 3.2 | |
| Sodium (mEq L−1; nv = 135–145) | 135.4 ± 5.1 | 138.4 ± 2.9 | 135 ± 5 | 137 ± 2.8 | |
| Potassium (mEq L−1; nv = 3.5–5.0 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 4.3 ± 0.2 | 3.9 ± 0.6 | 3.7 ± 0.1 | |
| Creatinine (mg dL−1; nv = 0.6–1.2) | 1.5 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.1 | |
| Urea (mg dL−1; NV = 20–40) | 78.8 ± 58.2 | 67 ± 38.4 | 88.4 ± 75.6 | 62.5 ± 30.4 | |
| NT-pro-BNP (pg mL−1; nv < 125 for age < 75 years) | 1680.6 ± 983.6 | 347 ± 215.6 | 2022.3 ± 813.5 | 2699 ± 1750 | |
| Physical performance | VO2 rest (mL O2 kg−1 min−1) | 3.4 ± 1 | 3.2 ± 0.01 | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 4.1 ± 1.4 |
| VO2 peak (mL O2 kg−1 min−1) | 12.4 ± 3 | 12.1 ± 1.0 | 11.2 ± 2.3 | nd | |
| HR peak (beat min−1) | 109.2 ± 22.7 | 111.3 ± 11.7 | 95.2 ± 22.1 | nd | |
| Hemodynamic variables | CO (L min−1) | 3.9 ± 1.1 | 4.7 ± 1.4 | 4 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 1.6 |
| CI (L min−1 m−2) | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 0.4 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | 1.9 ± 0.3 £ | |
| SV (mL beat−1) | 57.5 ± 19.5 | 66 ± 26.8 | 61.6 ± 19.3 | 49.5 ± 30.4 | |
| SVI (mL beat−1 m−2) | 32.1 ± 8.9 | 34.3 ± 7.4 | 34.2 ± 9.7 | 25.5 ± 5.5 £ | |
| LVEF (%; nv > 55) | 32.4 ± 10.4 | 39.3 ± 10.7 | 33.5 ± 8.3 | 27.5 ± 8.9 *£ | |
| WP (mmHg) | 19.2 ± 9.3 | 15.4 ± 7.6 | 17.6 ± 9.5 | 24.8 ± 11 |
Abbreviations: CHF = chronic heart failure; BMI = body mass index; pts = patients; CI = cardiac index; CO = cardiac output; HR = heart rate; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; NT-pro-BNP = N-terminal pro-B-type; natriuretic peptide; nd = not determined; nv = normal value; NYHA = New York Heart Association; SV = stroke volume; SVI = stroke volume index; VO2 = oxygen consumption. WP = Wedge Pressure; Data are given as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis: ANOVA test and Fisher’s PLSD test; Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. IV NYHA class vs. II class * p < 0.05; III class £ p < 0.05.