Table 1.
Socio-demographic, lifestyle, clinical, anthropometric and nutritional characteristics of 755 older Portuguese women, ≥65 years old, participating in a cross-sectional observational study according to osmolality (mOsm/kg) tertiles.
| Participants‘ Characteristics | First, <360.1 mOsm/kg (n = 251) | Second, 360.1–484.8 mOsm/kg (n = 252) | Third, ≥484.8 mOsm/kg (n = 252) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, n (%) | ||||
| 65–79, n (%) | 183 (72.9) | 177 (70.2) | 200 (79.4) | 0.055 |
| ≥80, n (%) | 68 (27.1) | 75 (29.8) | 52 (20.6) | |
| Regional area, n (%) | 0.002 | |||
| North | 77 (30.7) | 85 (33.7) | 81 (32.1) | |
| Center | 78 (31.1) | 62 (24.6) | 48 (19.0) | |
| Lisbon Metropolitan Area | 56 (22.3) | 67 (26.6) | 79 (31.3) | |
| Alentejo | 17 (6.8) | 19 (7.5) | 35 (13.9) | |
| Algarve | 11 (4.4) | 9 (3.6) | 2 (0.8) | |
| Madeira | 9 (3.6) | 8 (3.2) | 2 (0.8) | |
| Azores | 3 (1.2) | 2 (0.8) | 5 (2.0) | |
| Education, years, n (%) | ||||
| No formal education | 47 (18.7) | 46 (18.3) | 32 (12.7) | 0.725 |
| 1–3 | 56 (22.3) | 52 (20.6) | 61 (24.2) | |
| 4 | 115 (45.8) | 119 (47.2) | 118 (46.8) | |
| 5–11 | 23 (9.2) | 26 (10.3) | 30 (11.9) | |
| ≥12 | 10 (4.0) | 9 (3.6) | 11 (4.4) | |
| Residence, n (%) | ||||
| Community-dwelling | 234 (93.2) | 237 (94.0) | 248 (98.4) | 0.013 |
| Institutionalized | 17 (6.8) | 15 (6.0) | 4 (1.6) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||
| Single/divorced/widowed | 168 (66.9) | 156 (61.9) | 146 (57.9) | 0.114 |
| Married/common-law marriage | 83 (33.1) | 96 (38.1) | 106 (42.1) | |
| Household income, €, n (%) | ||||
| <500 | 61 (24.3) | 50 (19.8) | 54 (21.4) | 0.795 |
| 500–999 | 55 (21.9) | 60 (23.8) | 55 (21.8) | |
| ≥1000 | 20 (8.0) | 25 (9.9) | 29 (11.5) | |
| Does not know or does not declare | 115 (45.8) | 117 (46.4) | 114 (45.2) | |
| Physical activity (IPAQ), kcal/week, n (%) | ||||
| Normal | 211 (84.1) | 198 (78.6) | 219 (86.9) | 0.039 |
| Low | 40 (15.9) | 54 (21.4) | 33 (13.1) | |
| Tobacco use, n (%) | ||||
| No | 248 (98.8) | 249 (98.8) | 247 (98.0) | 0.693 |
| Yes | 3 (1.2) | 3 (1.2) | 5 (2.0) | |
| Alcoholic beverage consumption, number of drinks a | ||||
| None | 181 (72.1) | 176 (70.1) | 187 (74.2) | |
| Moderate (women = 1/day; men = 1 or 2/day) | 48 (19.1) | 55 (21.9) | 47 (18.7) | 0.828 |
| Heavy (women ≥ 2/day, men ≥ 3/day) | 22 (8.8) | 20 (8.0) | 18 (7.1) | |
| Cognitive performance (MMSE), n (%) | ||||
| Maintenance | 238 (94.8) | 235 (93.3) | 237 (94.0) | 0.759 |
| Impairment | 13 (5.2) | 17 (6.7) | 15 (6.0) | |
| Number of medicines and supplements, n (%) | ||||
| 0 | 43 (17.1) | 36 (14.3) | 43 (17.1) | 0.248 |
| 1–4 | 105 (41.8) | 121 (48.0) | 127 (50.4) | |
| ≥5 | 103 (41.0) | 95 (37.7) | 82 (32.5) | |
| Diuretics, n (%) | ||||
| No | 205 (81.7) | 202 (80.2) | 215 (85.3) | 0.295 |
| Yes | 46 (18.3) | 50 (19.8) | 37 (14.7) | |
| BMI, kg/m2, n (%) | ||||
| Underweight/normal | 36 (14.3) | 37 (14.7) | 29 (11.5) | 0.111 |
| Overweight | 117 (46.6) | 102 (40.5) | 95 (37.7) | |
| Obesity | 98 (39.0) | 113 (44.8) | 128 (50.8) | |
| Nutritional status (MNA®-SF), n (%) | ||||
| Not undernourished | 208 (82.9) | 206 (81.7) | 211 (83.7) | 0.839 |
| Undernutrition risk/undernourished | 43 (17.1) | 46 (18.3) | 41 (16.3) | |
| Season urine sample collection, n (%) | ||||
| Autumn/Winter | 162 (64.5) | 164 (65.1) | 151 (59.9) | 0.419 |
| Spring/Summer | 89 (35.5) | 88 (34.9) | 101 (40.1) |
IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire; MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination; MNA®-SF: Mini Nutritional Assessment®-Short Form. a One missing value because participant could not recall the frequency of consumption.