Table 2.
Socio-demographic, lifestyle, clinical, anthropometric and nutritional characteristics of 563 older Portuguese men, ≥65 years old, participating in a cross-sectional observational study according to osmolality (mOsm/kg) tertiles.
| Participants‘ Characteristics | First, <433.2 mOsm/kg (n = 188) | Second, 433.2–602.1 mOsm/kg (n = 188) | Third, ≥602.1 mOsm/kg (n = 187) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, n (%) | 0.001 | |||
| 65–79, n (%) | 133 (71.1) | 158 (84.0) | 161 (85.6) | |
| ≥80, n (%) | 54 (28.9) | 30 (16.0) | 27 (14.4) | |
| Regional area, n (%) | 0.514 | |||
| North | 54 (28.9) | 59 (31.4) | 68 (36.2) | |
| Center | 48 (25.7) | 48 (25.5) | 49 (26.1) | |
| Lisbon Metropolitan Area | 57 (30.5) | 46 (24.5) | 41 (21.8) | |
| Alentejo | 14 (7.5) | 20 (10.6) | 18 (9.6) | |
| Algarve | 9 (4.8) | 9 (4.8) | 3 (1.6) | |
| Madeira | 2 (1.1) | 4 (2.1) | 4 (2.1) | |
| Azores | 3 (1.6) | 2 (1.1) | 5 (2.7) | |
| Education, years, n (%) | ||||
| No formal education | 18 (9.6) | 19 (10.1) | 11 (5.9) | 0.801 |
| 1–3 | 25 (13.4) | 24 (12.8) | 25 (13.3) | |
| 4 | 99 (52.9) | 102 (54.3) | 114 (60.6) | |
| 5–11 | 33 (17.6) | 32 (17.0) | 30 (16.0) | |
| ≥12 | 12 (6.4) | 11 (5.9) | 8 (4.3) | |
| Residence | ||||
| Community-dwelling | 176 (94.1) | 186 (98.9) | 187 (99.5) | 0.001 |
| Institutionalized | 11 (5.9) | 2 (1.1) | 1 (0.5) | |
| Marital status a, n (%) | ||||
| Single/divorced/widowed | 79 (42.2) | 69 (36.9) | 48 (25.5) | 0.002 |
| Married/common-law marriage | 108 (57.8) | 118 (63.1) | 140 (74.5) | |
| Household income, n (%) | ||||
| <500 | 16 (8.6) | 19 (10.1) | 18 (9.6) | 0.308 |
| 500–999 | 44 (23.5) | 44 (23.4) | 30 (16.0) | |
| ≥1000 | 25 (13.4) | 29 (15.4) | 39 (20.7) | |
| Does not know or does not declare | 102 (54.5) | 96 (51.1) | 101 (53.7) | |
| Physical activity b (IPAQ), kcal/week, n (%) | ||||
| Normal | 157 (84.4) | 158 (84.5) | 172 (91.5) | 0.067 |
| Low | 29 (15.6) | 29 (15.5) | 16 (8.5) | |
| Tobacco use, n (%) | ||||
| No | 173 (92.5) | 171 (91.0) | 172 (91.5) | 0.858 |
| Yes | 14 (7.5) | 17 (9.0) | 16 (8.5) | |
| Alcoholic beverage consumption, number of drinks c | ||||
| None | 87 (46.5) | 99 (52.7) | 92 (49.2) | 0.359 |
| Moderate (women = 1/day; men = 1 or 2/day) | 77 (41.2) | 62 (33.0) | 63 (33.7) | |
| Heavy (women ≥ 2/day, men ≥ 3/day) | 23 (12.3) | 27 (14.4) | 32 (17.1) | |
| Cognitive performance (MMSE), n (%) | ||||
| Maintenance | 177 (94.7) | 182 (96.8) | 182 (96.8) | |
| Impairment | 10 (5.3) | 6 (3.2) | 6 (3.2) | 0.462 |
| Number of drugs & supplements in 24-h, n (%) | ||||
| 0 | 42 (22.5) | 43 (22.9) | 40 (21.3) | 0.614 |
| 1–4 | 101 (54.0) | 105 (55.9) | 115 (61.2) | |
| ≥5 | 44 (23.5) | 40 (21.3) | 33 (17.6) | |
| Diuretics, n (%) | ||||
| No | 154 (82.4) | 166 (88.3) | 176 (93.6) | 0.003 |
| Yes | 33 (17.6) | 22 (11.7) | 12 (6.4) | |
| BMI, kg/m2, n (%) | ||||
| Underweight/normal | 38 (20.3) | 32 (17.0) | 29 (15.4) | 0.144 |
| Overweight | 97 (51.9) | 101 (53.7) | 86 (45.7) | |
| Obesity | 52 (27.8) | 55 (29.3) | 73 (38.8) | |
| Nutritional status (MNA), n (%) | ||||
| Not undernourished | 162 (86.6) | 172 (91.5) | 166 (88.3) | 0.316 |
| Undernutrition risk/undernourished | 25 (13.4) | 16 (8.5) | 22 (11.7) | |
| Season urine sample collection d, n (%) | ||||
| Late Autumn/Winter | 69 (37.1) | 66 (35.3) | 54 (28.7) | 0.196 |
| Spring/Summer | 117 (62.9) | 121 (64.7) | 134 (71.3) |
IPAQ: International Physical Activity Questionnaire; MMSE: Mini Mental State Examination; MNA®-SF: Mini Nutritional Assessment®-Short Form. a One missing value because one participant preferred not to declare his marital status; b Two missing values because energy spent in physical activities could not be computed due to missing data; c One missing value because participant could not recall the frequency of consumption; d Two missing values because the Laboratory was not able to provide this information for two participants.