Table 3.
Multinomial logistic regression results for the association between tertiles of osmolality (mOsm) and body mass index (kg/m2) for 1318 Portuguese older adults, ≥65 years old, participating in a cross-sectional observational study.
| Participants’ Characteristics | Second Tertile a | Third Tertile b | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
|
Women c (n = 755) BMI (kg/m2) |
||||
| Underweight/normal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Overweight | 0.85 (0.50–1.44) | 0.84 (0.49–1.43) | 1.01 (0.58–1.76) | 0.96 (0.54–1.71) |
| Obesity | 1.12 (0.66–1.91) | 1.09 (0.63–1.86) | 1.62 (0.93–2.83) | 1.52 (0.86–2.70) |
| Regional area | ||||
| North | 1.66 (0.27–10.2) | 1.85 (0.30–11.4) | 0.63 (0.15–2.73) | 0.78 (0.18–3.43) |
| Center | 1.19 (0.19–7.36) | 1.31 (0.21–8.13) | 0.37 (0.08–1.62) | 0.46 (0.10–2.06) |
| Lisbon Metropolitan Area | 1.80 (0.29–11.1) | 1.93 (0.31–12.0) | 0.85 (0.19–3.69) | 1.04 (0.24–4.62) |
| Alentejo | 1.68 (0.25–11.3) | 1.89 (0.28–12.8) | 1.24 (0.26–5.79) | 1.40 (0.29–6.66) |
| Algarve | 1.23 (0.17–9.02) | 1.29 (0.18–9.55) | 0.11 (0.01–0.87) | 0.13 (0.02–1.02) |
| Madeira | 1.33 (0.18–10.1) | 1.58 (0.18–9.55) | 0.13 (0.02–1.09) | 0.15 (0.02–1.28) |
| Azores | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Residence type | ||||
| Community-dwelling | 1.15 (0.56–2.35) | 1.20 (0.57–2.49) | 4.50 (1.49–13.6) | 3.99 (1.30–12.2) |
| Institutionalized | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Physical activity (kcal) | ||||
| Normal | 0.70 (0.44–1.09) | 0.70 (0.44–1.11) | 1.26 (0.76–2.07) | 1.25 (0.75–2.10) |
| Low | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
|
Men d (n = 563) BMI |
||||
| Underweight/normal | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Overweight | 1.24 (0.72–2.14) | 1.24 (0.71–2.18) | 1.16 (0.66–2.04) | 1.18 (0.66–2.11) |
| Obesity | 1.26 (0.69–2.38) | 1.31 (0.71–2.43) | 1.84 (1.01–3.35) | 1.97 (1.06–3.66) |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 65–79 | 2.14 (1.29–3.53) | 1.81 (1.07–3.06) | 2.42 (1.45–4.06) | 1.71 (0.99–2.96) |
| ≥80 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Residence Type | ||||
| Community-dwelling | 5.81 (1.27–26.6) | 4.65 (1.00–21.7) | 11.7 (1.49–91.5) | 8.07 (1.00–64.9) |
| Institutionalized | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Marital Status | ||||
| Single/divorced/widowed | 0.80 (0.53–1.21) | 0.87 (0.57–1.34) | 0.47 (0.30–0.73) | 0.50 (0.32–0.79) |
| Married/common-law marriage | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Diuretics | ||||
| No or unknown use | 1.62 (0.90–2.90) | 1.44 (0.78–2.65) | 3.14 (1.57–6.30) | 2.99 (1.45–6.17) |
| Use | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
a 360.1–484.8 mOsm/kg for women (n = 252); 433.2–602.1 mOsm/kg for men (n = 188); b ≥484.8 mOsm/kg for women (n = 251); ≥602.1 mOsm/kg for men (n = 187); c Variables: regional area (categories North; Center; Lisbon Metropolitan Area; Alentejo; Algarve; Madeira; reference: Azores); residence type (categories community-dwelling; reference: institutionalized); physical activity (categories normal, ≥270 kcal/week; reference: low, <270 kcal/week); d Variables: age (categories 65–79 years; reference: ≥80 years); residence type (categories community-dwelling; reference: institutionalized); marital status (categories single, divorced, widowed; reference: married or common-law marriage); diuretics (no or unknown use; reference: use).