Table 3.
Multilevel mix-effect ordered logistic regression estimates
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | |
| Independent variables | ||||||
| Urbanization rate | 0.992 | [0.980, 1.004] | 1.043* | [0.995, 1.092] | ||
| Square of urbanization rate | 1.000** | [0.999, 1.000] | ||||
| GDP per capita in 2014 | 1.057 | [0.983, 1.137] | 1.250** | [1.022, 1.529] | ||
| Square of GDP per capita in 2014 | 0.989 | [0.976, 1.003] | ||||
| Control variables | ||||||
| The change of urbanization rate from 2010 to 2014 | 0.998 | [0.948, 1.051] | 0.986 | [0.935, 1.041] | ||
| The logarithm of population size of the prefecture-level city | 1.130 | [0.935, 1.366] | 1.150 | [0.962, 1.374] | ||
| Age | 0.963*** | [0.959, 0.967] | 0.963*** | [0.959, 0.967] | 0.963*** | [0.959, 0.967] |
| Male (ref: female) | 1.162*** | [1.073, 1.258] | 1.163*** | [1.074, 1.259] | 1.165*** | [1.075, 1.261] |
| Married (ref: single- divorced- or widowed) | 0.927 | [0.838, 1.027] | 0.928 | [0.839, 1.028] | 0.928 | [0.838, 1.028] |
| Education (ref: primary school or below) | ||||||
| Junior high school | 1.276*** | [1.173, 1.387] | 1.275*** | [1.173, 1.387] | 1.273*** | [1.171, 1.384] |
| Senior high school | 1.357*** | [1.217, 1.512] | 1.356*** | [1.217, 1.512] | 1.351*** | [1.212, 1.506] |
| College and above | 1.438*** | [1.260, 1.642] | 1.438*** | [1.260, 1.641] | 1.430*** | [1.253, 1.632] |
| Employed (ref: unemployed) | 1.196*** | [1.049, 1.364] | 1.196*** | [1.049, 1.363] | 1.197*** | [1.050, 1.365] |
| Logarithm of annual personal income | 1.235*** | [1.194, 1.278] | 1.234*** | [1.192, 1.276] | 1.233*** | [1.191, 1.275] |
| Local hukou (ref: non-local hukou) | 1.030 | [0.935, 1.135] | 1.031 | [0.936, 1.136] | 1.025 | [0.931, 1.130] |
| Length of residence in the city | 1.002 | [0.999, 1.006] | 1.002 | [0.999, 1.006] | 1.002 | [0.999, 1.006] |
| Urban neighborhood (ref: rural neighborhood) | 1.111 | [0.943, 1.309] | 1.092 | [0.925, 1.290] | 1.093 | [0.927, 1.288] |
| Smoking (ref: smoker) | ||||||
| Former smoker | 0.758*** | [0.636, 0.902] | 0.757*** | [0.636, 0.902] | 0.757*** | [0.636, 0.901] |
| Nonsmoker | 0.947 | [0.870, 1.031] | 0.947 | [0.870, 1.031] | 0.947 | [0.870, 1.031] |
| Frequent physical exercises (ref: infrequent physical exercises) | 1.141*** | [1.046, 1.245] | 1.142*** | [1.047, 1.246] | 1.144*** | [1.048, 1.248] |
| Number of individuals | 14,791 | 14,791 | 14,791 | |||
| Number of neighborhoods | 401 | 401 | 401 | |||
| Number of cities | 124 | 124 | 124 | |||
| Log likelihood | −17,813.211 | −17,811.009 | −17,802.663 | |||
| χ2 | 1321.023*** | 1325.168*** | 1345.478*** | |||
OR odds ratio, CI confidence interval. *p < 0.10, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.01