Table 2.
Phenotypes measured in the field trial
| Phenotypes | Units | Mean | SDa | r 2 b | P-valuec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Growth and yield | |||||
| Total height | cm | 207 | 16 | 0.558 | 2.23E−12 |
| Internode length | cm | 14.8 | 1.8 | 0.373 | 6.92E−03 |
| Height growth | cm | 130 | 17 | 0.317 | 3.28E−06 |
| Quadratic mean diameter | mm | 23.2 | 2.9 | 0.602 | 5.86E−05 |
| Volume index | m3 | 0.362 | 0.108 | 0.670 | 1.87E−05 |
| Crown architecture | |||||
| Height to first branch | cm | 117 | 15 | 0.297 | 5.03E−06 |
| Number of branches | Counts | 13.3 | 4.0 | 0.286 | 6.85E−09 |
| Stem sinuosity | Score: 0–4 | 1.21 | 0.86 | 0.028 | 3.89E−02 |
| Stem length-height ratio | NA | 0.988 | 0.019 | 0.187 | 4.70E−02 |
| Apical index | NA | 1.40 | 0.13 | 0.257 | 1.65E−02 |
| Trunk section eccentricity | NA | 0.215 | 0.097 | 0.069 | 6.00E−01 |
| Vegetative phenology | |||||
| Bud set | Score: 1–6 | 3.04 | 0.17 | 0.007 | 1.39E−74 |
| Bud flush | Score: 1–6 | 5.18 | 0.35 | 0.189 | 2.55E−09 |
| Stress response | |||||
| Frost damage | Score: 0–3 | 1.93 | 0.26 | 0.385 | 1.50E−01 |
| Melampsora severity | Score: 0–4 | 2.99 | 0.12 | 0.064 | 3.51E−01 |
| Overall herbivory | Score: 1–10 | 2.41 | 1.69 | 0.100 | 8.56E−01 |
| Twig borer incidence | Counts | 2.79 | 1.86 | 0.096 | 6.18E−01 |
NA not applicable for dimensionless trait
aThe standard deviation (SD) of observed values
bCoefficient of determination, r 2, between the observed values and the values predicted by the TPS models, an indicator of the degree of spatial-dependent variation in the trait
cSignificance level, P value, of the one-way ANOVAs for all lines (k = 37; including the seven empty-vector control lines and the wild type)