Table 9.
Instrument Variable (IV) coefficient estimates of food swamps on obesity rates (Models stratified by means of transportation to work & income inequality).
| Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Driving and Public Transportation Combined < 80% | Driving and Public Transportation Combined > 80% | Gini Coefficient < 0.41 | Gini Coefficient > 0.41 | |
| Traditional RFEI | 2.452 ** | 4.016 | 2.737 ** | 1.564 ** |
| (1.218) | (3.946) | (1.277) | (0.686) | |
| Low Income and Low Access to Grocery Store | 0.0932 ** | −0.0794 | 0.0414 | 0.0690 * |
| (0.0402) | (0.121) | (0.0279) | (0.0409) | |
| Recreational Facilities | 0.0131 * | 0.0384 | 0.0178 | 0.0107 |
| (0.00773) | (0.0554) | (0.0112) | (0.0231) | |
| Natural Amenities | −1.349 *** | −1.337 * | −1.235 *** | −1.100 *** |
| (0.356) | (0.745) | (0.318) | (0.294) | |
| Low-Fat Milk:Soda Price | −2.095 | −4.081 | −3.685 | 2.108 |
| (2.962) | (4.382) | (2.620) | (2.374) | |
| Bachelor‘s Degree (%) | −0.266 *** | −0.288 *** | −0.269 *** | −0.253 *** |
| (0.0426) | (0.0754) | (0.0456) | (0.0512) | |
| Black (%) | 0.0441 * | 0.0391 | 0.0392 | 0.0204 |
| (0.0247) | (0.0515) | (0.0303) | (0.0357) | |
| Hispanic (%) | −0.0649 *** | −0.0857 * | −0.0812 *** | −0.00185 |
| (0.0233) | (0.0440) | (0.0218) | (0.0185) | |
| Poverty Rate (%) | 0.0580 | 0.0891 | 0.0948 ** | 0.0685 |
| (0.0572) | (0.0691) | (0.0454) | (0.0447) | |
| Square Miles | −9.09 × 105 | 5.19 × 106 | −3.38 × 105 | −5.95 × 105 |
| (0.000119) | (0.000433) | (0.000140) | (0.000123) | |
| Constant | 29.49 *** | 24.97 ** | 29.00 *** | 27.75 *** |
| (3.395) | (10.25) | (3.461) | (3.706) | |
| Observations | 1230 | 1825 | 2442 | 613 |
Robust standard errors in parentheses; *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1.