Table 2.
Demographics and injury characteristics of categorical variables in high-risk (OSTA < −4), medium-risk (−1 ≥ OSTA ≥ −4), and low-risk (OSTA > −1) patients.
| Variables | High Risk | Medium Risk | Low Risk | OR (95% CI) p | OR (95% CI) p | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| −4 > OSTA | −1 ≥ OSTA ≥ −4 | OSTA > −1 | I vs. III | II vs. III | |||
| n = 1585 (I) | n = 1985 (II) | n = 3137 (III) | |||||
| Co-morbidity | |||||||
| DM | 400 (25.2) | 580 (29.2) | 566 (18.0) | 1.5 (1.33–1.77) | <0.001 | 1.9 (1.64–2.14) | <0.001 |
| HTN | 962 (60.7) | 974 (49.1) | 1002 (31.9) | 3.3 (2.90–3.73) | <0.001 | 2.1 (1.83–2.30) | <0.001 |
| CAD | 156 (9.8) | 119 (6.0) | 84 (2.7) | 4.0 (3.02–5.21) | <0.001 | 2.3 (1.74–3.08) | <0.001 |
| CHF | 44 (2.8) | 23 (1.2) | 21 (0.7) | 4.2 (2.51–7.15) | <0.001 | 1.7 (0.96–3.15) | 0.065 |
| CVA | 151 (9.5) | 116 (5.8) | 87 (2.8) | 3.7 (2.82–4.84) | <0.001 | 2.2 (1.64–2.89) | <0.001 |
| Mechanism, n (%) | |||||||
| Motor vehicle | 9 (0.6) | 16 (0.8) | 70 (2.2) | 0.3 (0.13–0.50) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.21–0.62) | <0.001 |
| Motorcycle | 133 (8.4) | 712 (35.9) | 1659 (52.9) | 0.1 (0.07–0.10) | <0.001 | 0.5 (0.44–0.56) | <0.001 |
| Bicycle | 74 (4.7) | 103 (5.2) | 102 (3.3) | 1.5 (1.07–1.98) | 0.015 | 1.6 (1.23–2.15) | 0.001 |
| Pedestrian | 56 (3.5) | 60 (3.0) | 70 (2.2) | 1.6 (1.12–2.29) | 0.009 | 1.4 (0.96–1.94) | 0.079 |
| Fall | 1277 (80.6) | 1012 (51.0) | 960 (30.6) | 9.4 (8.13–10.88) | <0.001 | 2.4 (2.10–2.65) | <0.001 |
| Penetrating injury | 7 (0.4) | 24 (1.2) | 78 (2.5) | 0.2 (0.08–0.38) | <0.001 | 0.5 (0.30–0.76) | 0.001 |
| Struck by/against | 29 (1.8) | 58 (2.9) | 198 (6.3) | 0.3 (0.19–0.41) | <0.001 | 0.4 (0.33–0.60) | <0.001 |
| GCS | |||||||
| ≤8 | 49 (3.1) | 54 (2.7) | 82 (2.6) | 1.2 (0.83–1.70) | 0.345 | 1.0 (0.74–1.48) | 0.817 |
| 9–12 | 63 (4.0) | 53 (2.7) | 73 (2.3) | 1.7 (1.23–2.45) | 0.001 | 1.2 (0.81–1.65) | 0.440 |
| ≥13 | 1473 (92.9) | 1878 (94.6) | 2982 (95.1) | 0.7 (0.53–0.88) | 0.003 | 0.9 (0.71–1.18) | 0.477 |
| AIS ≥ 3, n (%) | |||||||
| Head/Neck | 270 (17.0) | 273 (13.8) | 428 (13.6) | 1.3 (1.10–1.53) | 0.002 | 1.0 (0.86–1.19) | 0.912 |
| Face | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) | - | 0.555 | 1.1 (0.18–6.31) | 1.000 |
| Thorax | 34 (2.1) | 100 (5.0) | 190 (6.1) | 0.3 (0.24–0.49) | <0.001 | 0.8 (0.64–1.06) | 0.124 |
| Abdomen | 15 (0.9) | 25 (1.3) | 63 (2.0) | 0.5 (0.27–0.82) | 0.007 | 0.6 (0.39–0.99) | 0.045 |
| Extremity | 991 (62.5) | 858 (43.2) | 867 (27.6) | 4.4 (3.84–4.97) | <0.001 | 2.0 (1.77–2.24) | <0.001 |
| ISS | |||||||
| <16 | 1369 (86.4) | 1756 (88.5) | 2788 (88.9) | 0.8 (0.66–0.95) | 0.012 | 1.0 (0.80–1.15) | 0.650 |
| 16–24 | 161 (10.2) | 163 (8.2) | 251 (8.0) | 1.3 (1.06–1.60) | 0.013 | 1.0 (0.84–1.26) | 0.788 |
| ≥25 | 55 (3.5) | 66 (3.3) | 98 (3.1) | 1.1 (0.80–1.56) | 0.526 | 1.1 (0.78–1.47) | 0.691 |
| Mortality, n (%) | 44 (2.8) | 35 (1.8) | 25 (0.8) | 3.6 (2.17–5.83) | <0.001 | 2.2 (1.33–3.74) | 0.002 |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 308 (19.4) | 259 (13.0) | 386 (12.3) | 1.7 (1.46–2.03) | <0.001 | 1.1 (0.90–1.27) | 0.435 |
AIS = abbreviated injury scale; CAD = coronary artery disease; CHF = Congestive Heart Failure; CI = confidence interval; CVA = cerebral vascular accident; DM = diabetes mellitus; HTN = hypertension; ICU = intensive care unit; OR = odds ratio; OSTA = Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians.