Table 5.

Instrumental variable analysis results using toilet paper as the instrument and two-stage residual inclusion models for the healthy-to-unhealthy price ratio, healthy food price, and unhealthy food price (n = 2765) ^a.

Price Outcome	n	n Events	Stage 1		Stage 2
			t-Value	F-Statistic	Odds Ratio	Lower CL b	Upper CL b
Healthy-to-unhealthy price ratio	2765	543	-33.36	1113	0.82	0.57	1.19
Healthy food price	2765	543	59.86	3583	1.15	0.91	1.45
Unhealthy food price	2765	543	98.59	9720	1.10	0.93	1.30

^a Covariates in each stage included age, gender, geographic region, wealth/income index, race, smoking status, neighborhood SES, supermarket density, population density, and cost of living index; ^b Confidence limits were obtained from a bootstrapped analysis using 10,000 replications.