Table 2.
Results from the multilevel logistic regressions for the odds of ARI symptoms among Nigerian preschool children from the North-Western and South-Southern communities, 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS).
| Explanatory Variables | Crude Model | Adjusted Model |
|---|---|---|
| uOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
| Regional characteristic | ||
| Region of residence (ref = South-Southern) | ||
| North-Western | 2.94 (2.04–4.24) *** | 2.86 (1.62–5.04) *** |
| Seasonal characteristics | ||
| Seasonal factor (ref = wet season) | ||
| Dry season | 1.46 (1.06–2.03) * | 1.42 (1.02–1.97) * |
| Household characteristics | ||
| Cooking method (ref=in house kerosene/charcoal) | ||
| In-house biomass fuel | 4.85 (2.38–9.89) *** | 1.76 (0.84–3.92) |
| Outdoor or separate use of biomass fuel | 3.02 (1.49–6.14) ** | 1.55 (0.75–3.40) |
| Outdoor use kerosene/charcoal/others | 2.60 (1.14–5.91) * | 2.25 (1.00–5.05) * |
| Others | 1.84 (0.47–7.20) | 2.86 (0.87–8.25) |
| Household poverty (ref = no) | ||
| Yes | 1.67(1.29–2.18) *** | 1.42 (1.01–1.99) * |
| Maternal characteristics | ||
| Maternal education (ref = no education) | ||
| Primary education | 1.36 (0.93–2.00) | 1.07 (0.75–1.54) |
| Secondary and above | 0.76 (0.56–1.03) | 1.22 (0.81–1.83) |
| Mother’s religion (ref = Christian) | ||
| Islam | 2.16 (1.61–2.90) *** | 0.91 (0.56–1.45) |
| Traditionalist | 2.85 (0.97–8.34) * | 1.23 (0.28–5.35) |
| Child’s characteristics | ||
| OVC status (ref = no) | ||
| Yes | 1.36 (0.88–2.09) | 1.41 (0.88–2.26) |
| Gender (ref = male) | ||
| Female | 1.06 (0.85–1.30) | 1.12 (0.88–1.42) |
| Age (ref = 3–5 years) | ||
| <1 | 1.49 (1.14–1.94) ** | 1.50 (1.11–2.02) ** |
| 1–2 | 2.04 (1.59–2.61) *** | 2.16 (1.64–2.84) *** |
| Birth order (ref = 1–3) | ||
| 4–6 | 1.21 (0.95–1.54) | 1.16 (0.88–1.54) |
| >6 | 1.41 (1.07–1.86) * | 1.58 (1.15–2.15) ** |
| Neighborhood Characteristics | ||
| Community OVC rate (ref = low 25%) | ||
| High 25% community OVC rate | 1.36 (0.93–2.00) | 1.30 (0.95–1.78) |
| Model statistics | Coeff (SE) | |
| Log likelihood | −1201.7363 | |
| Random variance | ||
| Intra-class correlation (ICC) | 0.08 * | |
| Variance between neighborhoods | 0.56 *** (0.09) |
Note: Intra-class correlation (ICC) measures the degrees of clustering with random intercepts. The correlation of the two-level multilevel logistic regressions was calculated by σμ2/(σμ2 + π2/3), where σμ2 denotes neighborhood-level variance. uOR refers to unadjusted odds ratios; aOR refers to adjusted odds ratios for covariates and CI refers to confidence interval; * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.