Table 1.
Characteristics of the identified studies
| First author Year | Country | Design | Sample | Average age (y) | Men (%) | Definition of Kidney stones | Confirmation of Hypertension | Adjustments |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Madore et al. (1) 1998(cohort) | USA | cohort | 67,745 | 51.5 | 0.0% | medical records | physician diagnosed hypertension | age (in 5-year categories),BMI (in quintiles), dietary intake of calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and caffeine (in quintiles), and intake of alcohol (in eight categories) |
| Madore et al. (1) 1998(cross-sectional) | USA | cross-sectional | 89,376 | NA | 0.0% | medical records | physician diagnosed hypertension | age |
| Madore et al. (2) 1998(cohort) | USA | cohort | 37,809 | 53.2 | 100.0% | initial questionnaire | physician diagnosed hypertension | age, BMI and the intake of calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and alcohol |
| Madore et al. (2) 1998(cross-sectional) | USA | cross-sectional | 51,529 | NA | 100.0% | initial questionnaire | physician diagnosed hypertension | age |
| Strazzullo et al. 2001 [7] | Italy | cohort | 381 | 45.1 | 100.0% | fixed-sequence questionnaire | examination | age |
| Gillen et al. 2005 [8] | USA | cross-sectional | 20,029 | 43.6 | 46.6% | patient reported | self-reported previous diagnosis of hypertension, SBP, DBP, and pulse pressure calculated as the difference between SBP and DBP | age, sex, race (African American versus other), BMI, history of CVD (myocardial infarction, stroke, congestive heart failure), diabetes, and smoking status (ever versus never), dietary intake, insurance status, alcohol use, household income, and marital status. |
| Domingos et al. 2011 [9] | Portugal | cross-sectional | 23,349 | NA | NA | direct interview | direct interview | age and BMI |
| Ando et al. 2012 [10] | Japan | cross-sectional | 20,990 | NA | NA | NA | NA | overweight, hypertension and hyperuricemia |
| Kittanamongkolchai et al. 2017 [11] | USA | cohort | 2014 | 41.5 | 52.9% | chart review | medical records | age, sex, BMI, serum creatinine, CKD, diabetes, gout, coronary artery disease, dyslipidemia, tobacco use, and alcohol abuse |
Note: NA not avaliable, BMI body mass index, CVD cardiovascular disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, SBP systolic BP, DBP diastolic BP