Table 1.
Demographic characteristics over time by surgical group
| Variables | Baseline | First follow-up | Second follow-up | Third follow-up | ||||||||||
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| Full sample | Surgery | No surgery | Surgery | No surgery | Surgery | No surgery | ||||||||
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| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
| Overall | 1196 | 100 | 258 | 27.5 | 679 | 72.5 | 259 | 36.2 | 456 | 63.8 | 46 | 88.1 | 6 | 11.5 |
| CPO/CLP | ||||||||||||||
| CLP | 927 | 77.5 | 235 | 91.1 | 518 | 76.3 | 237 | 91.5 | 343 | 75.2 | 43 | 93.5 | 6 | 100 |
| CPO | 269 | 22.5 | 23 | 8.9 | 161 | 23.7 | 22 | 8.5 | 113 | 24.8 | 3 | 6.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Visibility | ||||||||||||||
| Visible + Both | 191 | 16.0 | 62 | 24.0 | 38 | 5.6 | 48 | 18.5 | 12 | 2.6 | 4 | 8.7 | 1 | 16.7 |
| Invisible | 159 | 13.3 | 58 | 22.5 | 44 | 6.5 | 55 | 21.2 | 21 | 4.6 | 4 | 8.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Not Accepted | 798 | 66.7 | 135 | 52.3 | 568 | 83.7 | 151 | 58.3 | 407 | 89.3 | 34 | 73.9 | 5 | 83.3 |
| Missing | 48 | 4.0 | 3 | 1.2 | 29 | 4.3 | 5 | 1.9 | 16 | 3.5 | 4 | 8.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Insurance type | ||||||||||||||
| Private | 613 | 51.3 | 112 | 43.4 | 383 | 56.4 | 117 | 45.2 | 262 | 57.5 | 18 | 39.1 | 4 | 66.7 |
| Nonprivate | 531 | 44.4 | 128 | 49.6 | 267 | 39.3 | 127 | 49.0 | 161 | 35.3 | 25 | 54.4 | 2 | 33.3 |
| Missing | 52 | 4.3 | 18 | 7.0 | 29 | 4.3 | 15 | 5.8 | 33 | 7.2 | 3 | 6.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Gender | ||||||||||||||
| Female | 525 | 43.9 | 112 | 43.4 | 300 | 44.2 | 115 | 44.4 | 204 | 44.7 | 20 | 43.4 | 3 | 50 |
| Male | 671 | 56.1 | 146 | 56.6 | 379 | 55.8 | 144 | 55.6 | 252 | 55.3 | 26 | 56.5 | 3 | 50 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||||||
| White | 731 | 61.1 | 128 | 49.6 | 423 | 62.3 | 128 | 49.4 | 295 | 64.7 | 19 | 41.3 | 3 | 50 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 189 | 15.8 | 61 | 23.6 | 101 | 14.9 | 60 | 23.2 | 64 | 14.0 | 18 | 39.1 | 2 | 33.3 |
| Black | 99 | 8.3 | 18 | 7.0 | 59 | 8.7 | 18 | 7.0 | 35 | 7.7 | 2 | 4.4 | 1 | 16.7 |
| Asian | 126 | 10.5 | 36 | 14.0 | 72 | 10.6 | 40 | 15.4 | 44 | 9.7 | 4 | 8.7 | 0 | 0 |
| Other | 39 | 3.3 | 13 | 5.04 | 16 | 2.4 | 10 | 3.9 | 12 | 2.6 | 1 | 2.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Age (Categorized) | ||||||||||||||
| <12 | 580 | 48.5 | 122 | 47.3 | 312 | 46.0 | 128 | 49.4 | 203 | 44.5 | 11 | 23.9 | 2 | 33.3 |
| 12 and older | 616 | 51.5 | 136 | 52.7 | 367 | 54.0 | 131 | 50.6 | 253 | 55.5 | 35 | 76.1 | 4 | 66.7 |
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| X | SD | X | SD | X | SD | X | SD | X | SD | X | SD | X | SD | |
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| Beck Scores | ||||||||||||||
| Self-concept | 45.2 | 9.9 | 43.6* | 11.1 | 45.9* | 9.8 | 43.8* | 10.6 | 46.1* | 9.9 | 44.2 | 9.9 | 51 | 7.4 |
| Anxiety | 12.1 | 9.6 | 12.6 | 9.0 | 11.7 | 9.7 | 11.9 | 8.7 | 10.8 | 9.5 | 11.9 | 8.6 | 12.2 | 1.9 |
| Depression | 7.9 | 8.1 | 8.6 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 8.6 | 8.5 | 8.6 | 7.3 | 8.5 | 8.3 | 10.8 | 5.4 | 3.4 |
| Resilience scores | ||||||||||||||
| Mastery | 59.5 | 11.6 | 58.0* | 12.3 | 60.2* | 11.6 | 58.1* | 12.3 | 61.2* | 12.0 | 58.9 | 12.7 | 65.7 | 14.4 |
| Relatedness | 74.8 | 14.6 | 72.6* | 15.6 | 75.6* | 14.7 | 73.4* | 15.4 | 76.8* | 14.3 | 74.7 | 13.1 | 77.8 | 19.8 |
| Surgery history | 4.0 | 3.1 | 5.7 | 3.5 | 4.9 | 2.8 | 5.6 | 3.2 | 4.9 | 2.8 | 5.4 | 2.6 | 4.7 | 2.6 |
CPO/CLP = Cleft palate only/Cleft lip and palate. Visibility refers to surgical recommendations for visible facial difference or invisible (functional) difference or that the recommendation was not accepted by the patient.
*
P < 0.05.
Hypothesis tests for surgical group comparisons of psychological outcomes only.