Table 4.
Change in psychological functioning over time, including gender* visit interaction
| Variables | (1) Anxiety |
(2) Depression |
(3) Self-concept |
(4) Relatedness |
(5) Mastery |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surgery | −0.150 (−1.080, 0.781) |
0.194 (−0.636, 1.025) |
−0.842* (−1.832, 0.147) |
−1.482** (−2.912, −0.0532) |
−1.341** (−2.512, −0.171) |
| Gender (Male) | −1.990*** (−3.073, −0.908) |
−0.881* (−1.837, 0.0753) |
−0.546 (−1.705, 0.612) |
−2.019** (−3.694, −0.343) |
−1.885*** (−3.230, −0.540) |
| Visit | −0.235 (−0.746, 0.277) |
0.184 (−0.274, 0.642) |
0.0395 (−0.502, 0.581) |
0.385 (−0.397, 1.168) |
0.0301 (−0.612, 0.672) |
| Gender* Visit | 0.144 (−0.492, 0.779) |
−0.449 (−1.018, 0.120) |
0.00513 (−0.668, 0.678) |
0.232 (−0.741, 1.204) |
0.607 (−0.194, 1.408) |
| Hispanic | 2.479*** (1.002, 3.956) |
1.745*** (0.453, 3.036) |
−2.833*** (−4.390, −1.276) |
−5.515*** (−7.761, −3.269) |
−4.121*** (−5.908, −2.334) |
| Black | 1.420 (−0.378, 3.218) |
0.136 (−1.438, 1.709) |
1.306 (−0.612, 3.223) |
−4.916*** (−7.703, −2.130) |
−1.779 (−3.995, 0.437) |
| Asian | 0.399 (−1.173, 1.971) |
1.065 (−0.319, 2.450) |
−2.885*** (−4.572, −1.198) |
−2.973** (−5.423, −0.523) |
−2.859*** (−4.808, −0.909) |
| Other | 1.393 (−1.252, 4.039) |
2.474** (0.142, 4.805) |
−1.330 (−4.181, 1.521) |
−1.444 (−5.551, 2.663) |
−1.139 (−4.415, 2.138) |
| CPO versus CLP | −0.884 (−2.165, 0.397) |
−0.851 (−1.973, 0.271) |
−0.127 (−1.490, 1.236) |
0.494 (−1.479, 2.466) |
−0.785 (−2.357, 0.786) |
| Age 12+ | −2.260*** (−3.032, −1.489) |
−1.229*** (−1.914, −0.545) |
−1.456*** (−2.278, −0.634) |
−0.398 (−1.587, 0.791) |
−0.387 (−1.350, 0.576) |
| Invisible | −0.0764 (−1.418, 1.265) |
0.386 (−0.812, 1.585) |
−0.165 (−1.600, 1.271) |
−0.425 (−2.491, 1.641) |
−0.963 (−2.651, 0.725) |
| Not Accepted | −0.703 (−1.725, 0.319) |
−0.259 (−1.172, 0.653) |
1.449*** (0.355, 2.542) |
0.614 (−0.956, 2.185) |
0.714 (−0.571, 2.000) |
| Nonprivate Insurance | 0.355 (−0.537, 1.247) |
0.514 (−0.274, 1.302) |
−1.057** (−2.002, −0.112) |
−1.600** (−2.965, −0.234) |
−0.987* (−2.089, 0.114) |
| Prior Surgery History | −0.0147 (−0.192, 0.162) |
−0.0323 (−0.186, 0.122) |
−0.0153 (−0.200, 0.170) |
−0.0316 (−0.300, 0.236) |
−0.0893 (−0.302, 0.124) |
| Constant | 14.24*** (12.21, 16.27) |
8.883*** (7.216, 10.55) |
46.66*** (44.74, 48.59) |
78.34*** (75.55, 81.13) |
62.78*** (60.55, 65.01) |
| Observations | 2585 | 2582 | 2577 | 2579 | 2587 |
| Number of Groups | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
95% Confidence Intervals in parentheses.
***
P < 0.01,
**
P < 0.05,
*
P < 0.1.
CPO/CLP=Cleft palate only/Cleft lip and palate. Visibility refers to surgical recommendations for visible facial difference or invisible (functional) difference or that the recommendation was not accepted by the patient. The reference category for facial difference include those with Visible and both visible/invisible differences.