Table 2.
Previously published studies aiming to identify HCC biomarkers through analysis of urine by 1H-NMR spectroscopy
| Studies | Year | Country | Main HCC etiology | Significant metabolites discriminatory for HCC vs controls | ↓/↑ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shariff et al54 | 2010 | Nigeria | HBV | Creatinine | ↓ |
| Carnitine | ↑ | ||||
| Shariff et al64 | 2011 | Egypt | HCV | Glycine, TMAO, hippurate, citrate | ↓ |
| Creatine | ↑ | ||||
| Ladep et al38 | 2014 | Nigeria | HBV | Hippurate, TMAO, pyruvate, citrate | ↓ |
| Acetylcarnitine, dimethylglycine, carnitine, indole-3-acetate, creatine, methionine, unknown spectral signal putatively assigned to N-acetylated amino acid, 2-oxoglutarate | ↑ | ||||
| Cox et al49 | 2016 | Bangladesh | HBV | Creatinine, hippurate, TMAO | ↓ |
| Carnitine | ↑ |
Notes: Statistically significant metabolites discriminatory for HCC vs controls are shown and arrows indicate whether increased or decreased in HCC.
Abbreviations: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; TMAO, trimethylamine-N-oxide; 1H-NMR, proton nuclear magnetic resonance.