Table 1. Preoperative baseline characteristics.
| Characteristic | Total (n=115) | HIL group (n=53) | OIL group (n=62) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 66 | 66 [48–83] | 68 [45–79] | 0.420 |
| Sex, n (%) | 0.469 | |||
| Male | 112 (97.4) | 51 (96.2) | 61 (98.4) | |
| Female | 3 (2.6) | 2 (3.8) | 1 (1.6) | |
| FEV1 (%) | 91.1±18.3 | 88.5±20.5 | 93.4±15.9 | 0.154 |
| Tumor location, n (%) | 0.570 | |||
| Middle third | 36 (31.3) | 18 (34.0) | 18 (29.0) | |
| Lower third | 79 (68.7) | 35 (66.0) | 44 (71.0) | |
| Serum albumin level (g/L)† | 4.4±0.4 | 4.5±0.4 | 4.4±0.3 | 0.300 |
| Year of surgery | – | |||
| 2008–2010 (subperiod 1) | 28 | 6 | 22 | |
| 2011–2013 (subperiod 2) | 41 | 13 | 28 | |
| 2014–2016 (subperiod 3) | 46 | 34 | 12 |
Data are shown as n (%), median [range], or mean ± standard deviation, unless otherwise indicated. †, measured at admission for surgery. HIL, hybrid minimally invasive Ivor Lewis esophagectomy; OIL, open Ivor Lewis esophagectomy; FEV1, forced expiratory volume for 1 second.