Table 1. Infant and maternal characteristics of cases (myelomeningocele) and controls.
|
Cases (n = 53) |
Controls (n = 53) |
|||||
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | p value | ||||
| Child’s age at study visit (Months) | 5.7 (5.3) | 7.8 (4.8) | 0.03 | |||
| Mother’s age at study visit (Years) | 22.2 (4.1) | 24.7 (5.3) | 0.01 | |||
| n | (%) | n | (%) |
Unadjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
|
| Child | ||||||
| Gestational age at delivery | ||||||
| Term | 37 | (70) | 31 | (59) | Reference | — |
| Preterm | 14 | (26) | 17 | (32) | 0.64 (0.26–1.59) | |
| Post-term | 2 | (4) | 5 | (9) | 0.33 (0.06–1.80) | |
| Birth weight, grams | ||||||
| <2500 | 17 | (32) | 8 | (15) | 2.50 (0.97–6.44) | — |
| 2500 | 36 | (68) | 45 | (85) | Reference | |
| Place of birth | ||||||
| Home | 26 | (49) | 21 | (40) | 2.11 (0.82–5.44) | — |
| Clinic | 15 | (28) | 9 | (17) | 2.36 (0.88–6.32) | |
| Hospital | 12 | (23) | 23 | (43) | Reference | |
| Delivery type | ||||||
| Vaginal | 30 | (57) | 32 | (60) | Reference | — |
| Cesarean Section | 23 | (43) | 21 | (40) | 0.86 (0.40–1.85) | |
| Birth Order | ||||||
| First born | 22 | (42) | 25 | (47) | Reference | — |
| Second or higher | 31 | (58) | 28 | (53) | 1.38 (0.55–3.42) | |
| Family history of birth defects | ||||||
| No | 53 | (100) | 53 | (100) | NA | — |
| Yes | 0 | - | 0 | - | ||
| Family history of NTD | ||||||
| No | 53 | (100) | 53 | (100) | NA | — |
| Yes | 0 | - | 0 | - | ||
| Mother | ||||||
| Age at delivery (years) | ||||||
| <20 | 10 | (19) | 14 | (26) | 0.95 (0.35–2.57) | 1.00 (0.35, 2.84) |
| 20–30 | 35 | (66) | 37 | (70) | Reference | Reference |
| >30 | 8 | (15) | 2 | (4) | 3.88 (0.74–20.36) | 2.79 (0.67, 21.29) |
| Prenatal folic acid supplement use | ||||||
| No | 26 | (49) | 15 | (28) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 27 | (51) | 38 | (72) | 0.42 (0.18, 0.96) | 0.43 (0.18, 1.02) |
| Folic acid deficiency at study visit | ||||||
| No (≥4.0 ng/mL) | 18 | (35) | 16 | (30) | Reference | — |
| Yes (<4.0 ng/mL) | 33 | (65) | 37 | (70) | 0.80 (0.35–1.80) | |
| Pre-pregnancy diabetes | ||||||
| No | 53 | (100) | 53 | (100) | NA | — |
| Yes | 0 | - | 0 | - | Reference | |
| Smoking during pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 52 | (98) | 53 | 100 | NA | — |
| Yes | 1 | (2) | 0 | - | ||
| Alcohol during pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 53 | (100) | 53 | (100) | NA | — |
| Yes | 0 | - | 0 | - | ||
| Pesticide exposure during pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 53 | (100) | 53 | (100) | NA | — |
| Yes | 0 | - | 0 | - | ||
| Valproic acid use during pregnancy | ||||||
| No | 53 | (100) | 53 | (100) | NA | — |
| Yes | 0 | - | 0 | - | ||
CI, Confidence Interval; NA, Not Applicable; NTD, Neural Tube Defects
Frequencies and percentage may not equal total due to missing data.