Table 2. Baseline characteristics: Relative muscle mass of female participants.
| Characteristics | Overall | Relative muscle mass categorya | P for trend | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 (14.3–36.0%) | Q2 (36.1–38.2%) | Q3 (38.3–40.4%) | Q4 (40.5–62.6%) | |||
| Number | 89,854 | 22,465 | 22,462 | 22,466 | 22,461 | <0.001 |
| Age (years)b | 38.5 (7.5) | 40.1 (8.9) | 38.8 (7.5) | 38.0 (6.8) | 37.3 (6.1) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.6 (2.9) | 24.5 (3.2) | 21.9 (2.0) | 20.6 (1.7) | 19.4 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Percent fat mass (%) | 29.0 (5.8) | 36.4 (3.3) | 30.8 (1.5) | 26.9 (1.4) | 21.9 (2.6) | <0.001 |
| Obesity (%) | 11.5 | 37.4 | 7.2 | 1.3 | 0.2 | <0.001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 0.065 |
| Alcohol intake (%)c | 5.5 | 6.2 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 5.1 | <0.001 |
| HEPA (%) | 13.4 | 11.3 | 12.5 | 13.4 | 16.4 | <0.001 |
| Highest education level (%)d | 77.9 | 71.5 | 78.0 | 80.6 | 81.7 | <0.001 |
| History of CVD (%) | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.4 | <0.001 |
| History of hypertension (%) | 3.0 | 6.0 | 2.9 | 1.9 | 1.3 | <0.001 |
| Family history of diabetes (%) | 17.4 | 19.3 | 18.0 | 16.9 | 15.3 | <0.001 |
| Medication for dyslipidemia (%) | 1.4 | 2.6 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Prediabetes (%) | 28.2 | 36.3 | 28.4 | 25.1 | 23.1 | <0.001 |
| Menopause (%) | 8.2 | 13.7 | 8.8 | 6.1 | 4.3 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg)b | 99.5 (10.5) | 103.0 (11.9) | 99.4 (10.2) | 98.1 (9.6) | 97.3 (9.2) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg)b | 64.2 (8.3) | 66.1 (9.0) | 64.2 (8.3) | 63.5 (8.0) | 63.1 (7.8) | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mg/dl)b | 90.6 (7.7) | 92.5 (8.3) | 90.8 (7.6) | 89.9 (7.4) | 89.1 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dl)b | 108.9 (28.7) | 120.2 (30.9) | 111.2 (28.1) | 105.0 (26.3) | 99.3 (24.6) | <0.001 |
| LDL-C (mg/dl)b | 108.9 (28.7) | 120.2 (30.9) | 111.2 (28.1) | 105.0 (26.3) | 99.3 (24.6) | <0.001 |
| HDL-C (mg/dl)b | 64.9 (14.5) | 60.5 (14.0) | 63.8 (14.2) | 66.2 (14.2) | 69.1 (14.2) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl)e | 69 (54–94) | 84 (63–116) | 72 (55–97) | 66 (52–87) | 61 (48–77) | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/l)e | 13 (10–16) | 14 (11–19) | 12 (10–16) | 12 (10–15) | 12 (10–15) | <0.001 |
| AST (U/l)e | 17 (15–20) | 17 (15–21) | 17 (15–20) | 17 (15–19) | 17 (15–20) | <0.001 |
| GGT (U/l)e | 13 (10–17) | 15 (11–21) | 13 (10–17) | 12 (10–16) | 12 (10–16) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IRe | 1.07 (0.72–1.54) | 1.41 (0.95–2.05) | 1.12 (0.76–1.58) | 0.99 (0.68–1.38) | 0.87 (0.60–1.22) | <0.001 |
| hsCRP (mg/l)e | 0.3 (0.2–0.6) | 0.6 (0.3–1.3) | 0.3 (0.2–0.7) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5) | 0.2 (0.2–0.4) | <0.001 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/d)e,f | 1404.4 (1061.8–1772.0) | 1410.1 (1066.9–1787.0) | 1397.3 (1057.2–1762.8) | 1399.8 (1058.0–1760.0) | 1410.7 (1064.4–1776.4) | 0.787 |
ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol; HEPA, health-enhancing physical activity; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein.
aSkeletal muscle index quartile level. Women: quartile 1, 14.3–36.0%; quartile 2, 36.1–38.2%; quartile 3, 38.3–40.4%; quartile 4, 40.5–62.6%.
Data are bmeans (standard deviation)
emedians (interquartile range), or percentages.
c≥ 20 g of ethanol per day
d≥College graduate.
fAmong 62,820 participants with plausible estimated energy intake levels (within three standard deviations from the log-transformed mean energy intake).