A) Maternally expressed genes, H19 and IGF2R, were overexpressed in PAR vs. CTR, while the paternally expressed gene DLK1 was down regulated in PAR vs. CTR (* indicates P<0.05; ** indicates P<0.01). No significant differences were detected for IGF2 and MEST. The pattern of expression was not “on” or “off” as expected, probably due to the perturbation of the epigenetic programming as a consequence of in vitro culture and abnormalities of our model. B) DNMT1, DNMT3A and DNMT3B were overexpressed in PAR vs CTR and DNMT3A was down expressed in AND vs CTR (* indicates P < 0.05, n.d. = not detected) C). Genome-wide methylation, assessed by 5-methylcytosine quantification, showed a significant hypomethylation in AND placentae compared to both PAR and CTR (* indicates P = 0.023).