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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Heart Fail Clin. 2018 Jan;14(1):109–118. doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2017.08.011

Figure 4. Proposed model for plasma long-chain acylcarnitine contributions to the heart failure phenotype.

Figure 4

From Hunter WG, Kelly JP, McGarrah RW 3rd, et al. Metabolomic profiling identifies novel circulating biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction differentially elevated in heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction: evidence for shared metabolic impairments in clinical heart failure. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2016;5(8); with permission. Abbreviations: Ca++ indicates calcium; CMC, cardiomyocyte; COX, cyclooxygenase; IL, interleukin; IRS, insulin receptor substrate; K, potassium; MAPK, mitogen-associated protein kinase; TCA, tricarboxylic acid.