. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jan 1.

Published in final edited form as: Heart Fail Clin. 2018 Jan;14(1):109–118. doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2017.08.011

Table 1.

Summary of metabolites in heart failure:

Metabolite	Findings in heart failure
Nitric Oxide	Improves left ventricular dilation, vasodilation^14–16
Arginine	Bioavailability and methylation affects nitric oxide synthesis^17–20
Ketones	Myocardial metabolism switch from lipids to ketogenic state in heart failure^23,26
Long chain acylcarnitines	Myocardial metabolism switch in heart failure states^24,25
Breath analysis of pentane, acetone, nitric oxide	Heart failure patients may expel a unique “breathprint” ^28–31
TMAO (host-gut microbiome interactions)	Elevated levels implicated in poor prognosis in myocardial infarction and chronic and acute heart failure^{38,39,39,41–44,48}