Box 2.

Key examples of difficult urban trade-offs and choices at various scales, identified in the co-design process with stakeholders

Regional scale

Urban growth vs. maintaining peri-urban/rural land uses and livelihoods

Resolving food—energy—water nexus issues

Metropolitan/local council scale

Activity growth centres: larger number of smaller centres (more distributed) vs. smaller number of larger centres (more centralised)

Increased density vs. pressure on local space, environment, micro-climates

Public transport benefits vs. current/growing automobile-based road investments

Local council/precinct scale

Land use zoning and regeneration: conflicting values and vested interest pressures

Centralised infrastructure interests vs. decentralised innovation, benefits

Asset hazard management strategies: protect vs. accommodate vs. retreat

Household scale

Greater affluence and expectations vs. drive for smaller living/working spaces, reduced consumption,

Climate resilient building materials vs. sustainable building materials vs. cost