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. 2017 Nov 30;7:16682. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16783-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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IL-21 drives HSCs secreting HA and promotes liver pathology in S. japonicum-infected mice. Six mice of each group were sacrificed and liver tissue harvested at 0, 4, 7, 9, 12, 16 weeks after infection. (a) The image shows the expression of a-smooth muscle actine, the dark brown indicates positive anti-a-SMA staining; (b) Pooled data are shown mean +/− SD (n = 6), **P < 0.01; ****P < 0.0001 (student’s t-test); (c) Flow cytometric histogram of IL-21R⁺ HSC cells from normal and infected mice; (d,e) The percentages or MFI levels of IL-21R are shown mean +/− SD from there independent experiments with a total of six to ten mice, *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 (student’s t-test); (f) Four male mice were sacrificed at 8 weeks post-infection, freshly Tfh and HSC population were isolated from spleen and liver tissue respectively, which were co-cultured at 37 °C for 3 days dealing with IL-21R blocking mAb or IL-21 cytokine. Data were analyzed for HA concentration in the supernatant with an ELISA kit, *P < 0.05 (Student’s t-test).