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. 2017 Nov 30;7:16675. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-16856-7

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Temporal gene expression profile during the direct reprogramming. MRC5 cells were transduced with LV-5TFs for 12 hr, and cultured until day 28. (A) The gene expression levels of fibroblast makers (COL1A1 and THY-1) were measured by real-time RT-PCR. The gene expression levels in MRC5 cells were taken as 1.0. (B) The gene expression levels of pluripotent markers (NANOG, Oct3/4, and SOX2) were measured by real-time RT-PCR. The gene expression levels in undifferentiated human iPS cells were taken as 1.0. (C) The fetal-specific hepatic gene (AFP and CYP3A7) expression levels were measured by real-time RT-PCR. The gene expression levels in LV-5TF-transduced MRC5 cells (day 4) were taken as 1.0. (D) The matured hepatic gene (ALB, AAT, and CYP3A4) expression levels were measured by real-time RT-PCR. The gene expression levels in LV-5TF-transduced MRC5 cells (day 4) were taken as 1.0. All data are represented as means ± SD (n = 3).