Table 3.
Multivariate associations of traumatic experiences with the subsequent first onset of psychotic experiences, with and without adjustment for prior and intervening mental disorders
| Type of traumatic experiencesa | Model 4 – multivariate complex interactive modelb |
Model 5 (adjusted for PTSD)c |
Model 6 (adjusted for mental disorders)d |
|---|---|---|---|
| Collective violence, marginal effects OR (95% CI) | |||
| Civilian in war zone | 0.4 (0.1–1.0) | 0.4 (0.1–1.0) | 0.4* (0.1–1.0) |
| Refugee | 3.0 (0.8–11.0) | 2.9 (0.8–10.7) | 2.9 (0.8–10.3) |
| Civilian in region of terror | 2.5 (0.6–9.8) | 2.5 (0.6–9.8) | 2.4 (0.6–9.6) |
| Kidnapped | 1.3 (0.3–5.7) | 1.3 (0.3–5.7) | 1.2 (0.2–5.7) |
| Caused/witnessed bodily harm, marginal effects OR (95% CI) | |||
| Combat experience | 1.2 (0.2–5.7) | 1.1 (0.2–5.7) | 1.2 (0.2–5.9) |
| Accidentally caused serious injury or death | 2.3 (0.7–7.7) | 2.3 (0.7–7.7) | 1.7 (0.6–4.5) |
| Saw atrocities | 1.5 (0.5–4.7) | 1.5 (0.5–4.7) | 1.5 (0.5–4.6) |
| Witnessed death/dead body or saw someone seriously hurt | 1.9* (1.4–2.5) | 1.9* (1.4–2.5) | 1.8* (1.3–2.5) |
| Interpersonal violence, marginal effects OR (95% CI) | |||
| Beaten up by caregiver | 2.0* (1.4–2.9) | 2.0* (1.4–2.8) | 1.9* (1.3–2.7) |
| witnessed physical fight at home | 1.8* (1.4–2.3) | 1.8* (1.4–2.3) | 1.8* (1.4–2.3) |
| Beaten up by someone else | 1.9 (0.9–4.2) | 1.9 (0.9–4.2) | 1.8 (0.8–3.9) |
| Intimate partner/sexual violence, marginal effects OR (95% CI) | |||
| Raped | 4.9* (2.5–9.5) | 4.8* (2.5–9.5) | 4.3* (2.2–8.4) |
| Sexually assaulted | 2.2* (1.4–3.6) | 2.2* (1.3–3.5) | 2.0* (1.3–3.3) |
| Beaten up by spouse/romantic partner | 1.4 (0.8–2.6) | 1.4 (0.8–2.6) | 1.3 (0.7–2.3) |
| Stalked | 3.4* (2.0–5.6) | 3.4* (2.0–5.6) | 3.0* (1.8–5.0) |
| Traumatic event to loved one | 2.0* (1.1–3.5) | 2.0* (1.1–3.5) | 1.8* (1.0–3.3) |
| Private event | 2.0 (0.9–4.5) | 2.0 (0.9–4.5) | 1.9 (0.9–4.2) |
| Some other event | 1.5 (0.7–3.1) | 1.5 (0.7–3.1) | 1.4 (0.7–2.9) |
| Accident/injuries, marginal effects OR (95% CI) | |||
| Child with serious illness | 1.8 (0.7–4.5) | 1.8 (0.7–4.5) | 1.9 (0.8–4.6) |
| Natural disaster | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 1.2 (0.7–1.9) |
| Life-threatening illness | 1.5* (1.0–2.3) | 1.5* (1.0–2.3) | 1.5 (1.0–2.3) |
| Toxic chemical exposure | 1.5 (0.7–3.4) | 1.5 (0.7–3.4) | 1.5 (0.7–3.2) |
| Other life-threatening accident | 2.1* (1.3–3.4) | 2.1* (1.3–3.4) | 2.0* (1.3–3.3) |
| Automobile accident | 2.0* (1.4–3.0) | 2.0* (1.4–3.0) | 2.0* (1.3–2.9) |
| Other traumas, marginal effects OR (95% CI) | |||
| Unexpected death of a loved one | 1.5* (1.1–2.0) | 1.5* (1.1–2.0) | 1.5* (1.1–2.0) |
| Mugged or threatened with a weapon | 1.9* (1.1–3.5) | 1.9* (1.1–3.5) | 1.8 (1.0–3.3) |
| Man-made disaster | 1.2 (0.5–2.8) | 1.2 (0.5–2.8) | 1.2 (0.5–2.9) |
| Joint significance of all traumatic events, χ2 (d.f.) P | 140.9* (29) <0.001 | 139.9* (29) <0.001 | 118.2* (29) <0.001 |
| Number of other co-occurring traumatic events | |||
| Marginal effects OR (95% CI) | 1.1* (1.0–1.3) | 1.1* (1.0–1.3) | 1.1* (1.0–1.3) |
| χ2 (d.f.) P | 5.1*(1) 0.024 | 5.2* (1) 0.023 | 5.2* (1) 0.023 |
The traumatic events: ‘Relief worker in war zone’ and ‘Purposely injured, tortured, or killed someone’ are not included in the table as the results are not applicable because of unstable estimates. Total person-years used for this multivariate model is 1 041 109.
Complex interactive model was estimated with dummy variables for type and number of temporally prior traumatic events and interaction terms for each type of traumatic events and number of other traumatic events including the controls: age-cohorts, gender, person-year dummies, and country.
Model specifcation in (b) and additionally control for temporally prior post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) only.
Model specifcation in (b) and additionally control for 21 temporally prior and intervening mental disorders (PTSD inclusive).
P<0.05, 2–sided test.