Table 2.
Mean conceptual knowledge, near transfer and far transfer performance (SD) across post-tests expressed as a percentage of the maximum score, and 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVAs results for the effects of learners’ prior ability, learning condition factors, time moment and factor interactions
| Learning condition | Learners’ prior ability | 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Concept map completion | Concept map study | Advanced learners | Novice learners | Main effects | Interaction effects | ||||||||||||||
| Post-Test | Post-test | Post-test | Post-test | Learning condition | Learning condition | Prior ability | |||||||||||||
| Learning outcome | 1 | 2 | Mean | 1 | 2 | Mean | 1 | 2 | Mean | 1 | 2 | Mean | Statistical value | Learning condition | Prior ability | Test moment | X Prior ability | X Test moment | X Test moment |
| Far transfer | 48.7 (16.1) | 69.0 (10.9) | 58.9 (17.1) | 35.3 (18.0) | 59.3 (18.5) | 47.6 (21.7) | 47.9 (18.7) | 65.1 (15.4) | 56.1 (18.9) | 36.9 (16.4) | 63.4 (16.3) | 50.3 (21.3) | F(1.57) | 13.341 | 3.991 | 73.715 | .368 | .604 | 3.128 |
| MSE | 3899.674 | 1166.544 | 14,660.814 | 107.652 | 120.185 | 662.157 | |||||||||||||
| P | <.001 | .051 | < .001 | .546 | .440 | .082 | |||||||||||||
| ηp 2= | .190 | .065 | .564 | .006 | .010 | .052 | |||||||||||||
| Near transfer | 67.1 (16.6) | 89.3 (6.0) | 78.3 (16.7) | 58.1 (20.6) | 81.5 (14.1) | 70.1 (21.1) | 69.6 (19.4) | 86.6 (10.8) | 78.0 (17.6) | 56.4 (16.6) | 84.4 (11.9) | 70.4 (20.4) | F(1.57) | 7.028 | 6.055 | 108.298 | .120 | .070 | 6.367 |
| MSE | 2025.999 | 1745.678 | 15,470.321 | 34.722 | 9.970 | 909.495 | |||||||||||||
| P | .010 | .017 | < .001 | .730 | .793 | .014 | |||||||||||||
| ηp 2= | .110 | .096 | .665 | .002 | .001 | .100 | |||||||||||||
| Conceptual knowledge | 50.6 (18.4) | 87.4 (10.0) | 69.0 (23.7) | 60.7 (17.2) | 86.0 (9.7) | 73.6 (18.8) | 57.9 (18.6) | 85.5 (10.9) | 71.9 (20.3) | 53.4 (18.2) | 87.8 (8.7) | 70.6 (22.6) | F(1.57) | 2.839 | .218 | 158.467 | 3.666 | 5.637 | 2.048 |
| MSE | 637.934 | 48.878 | 28,969.414 | 823.907 | 1030.472 | 377.392 | |||||||||||||
| P | .097 | .643 | < .001 | .061 | .021 | .158 | |||||||||||||
| ηp 2= | .047 | .004 | .735 | .060 | .090 | .035 | |||||||||||||
1 represents Immediate post-test; 2 represents delayed post-test; Mean represents mean results across immediate and delayed post-tests. MSE represents mean-square error value; ηp 2 represents effect size (partial eta square) calculated for all comparisons. Statistically significant p values (p < .05) are presented in bold