Table 3.
Mean mental effort invested (SD) in the guided learning activity, and 2 × 2 ANOVA results for the effects of learners’ prior ability, learning condition and factor interaction
| Learning condition | Learners’ prior ability | 2 × 2 ANOVA | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Main effects | Interaction effect | |||||||
| Concept map completion | Concept map study | Advanced learners | Novice learners | Statistical value | Learning condition | Prior ability | Learning condition x Prior ability | |
| Mental effort invested (max =9) | 7.1 (0.9) | 6.3 (1.1) | 6.6 (1.0) | 6.9 (1.2) | F(1.57) | 9.048 | .944 | .475 |
| MSE | 9.796 | 1.076 | .515 | |||||
| P | .004 | .323 | .493 | |||||
| ηp 2 | .137 | .017 | .008 | |||||
MSE represents mean-square error value; ηp 2 represents effect size (partial eta square) calculated for all comparisons. Statistically significant p values (p < .05) are presented in bold